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00H2 CnpHflHHfl p03BHTKy yKpaJLHCbKOl npaBOBOl flyMKH 

xa nponaranoH flepacaBHHm>KHx Tpajocnuifl 
«IIPABO JJJW YKPAIHH* 



TAPACC AKUHJPyCSGK. 

uurax wd ammom 

(MnxaHJio /tparoMaHOB 
npo npaBa jnoflHHH) 



JIbBiB 
BHflaBHMUTBO «CBiT» 

1998 









BBK 67.1 (4YKP) + 83.3(4yKP)5-8 
A-66 



BpmaHHfl 3/uiicHeHo 3a 4>iHaHcoBoi ni^rpHMKH 
MiacHapo^Horo (j>onay «Biapo,zpKeHHS» 



PeueHseHTH: 

flOKTop lopHflHiHHX HayK KonmieHKO O. JL 
HOKTOp JOpHflHHHHX Hayx npo3opOBa H. C. 



AiupycHK T. 

A-66 lUnax ao CBo6ojm (Muxafijio ^.paroMaHOB npo npaBa jhojihhh). 
JlbBis: Cbit, 1998 — 192 c. 
ISBN 5-7773-0901-1 

V MOHorpa<|>ii' flocjiia^cyKiTbcsi norjismn MHxafijia /(paroMaHOBa Ha npaBa jijcthhh — 
npo6aeMy, HajoBii4af!Ho airryajitHy wis cyqacaoro cycnim.cTBa uarajioM i yKpaiHctKoro 
30KpeMa. FIoKa3aHi ix Micue i pojit y Bcifi cycnLnHO-nojiiTHiHrn nporpaini MHcunrrejiH, a raico* 
3HaieHHS jura HaujoHaJihHoro xa nojiim«moro bH3booiehhji yKpaincixoro Hapwry . y KHn:si tbkok 
BMimeno flparoM aHiBCbKHfi KOHCTHTyuiHHHH npoeKT «BLni>Ha CniOTta», hkhh nepenCanaa 
saKpiruKHHH rip as i cso6oa juoahhh, rapaHTifi ix peajibauu xa 3axjicry. 

,Qjm HayKOBuiB. BHKJiasaiiB i CTyneHTiB By3iB, ycix, xto ijiKaBHTi.cn npo6aeMaMH icTopi 
VKpajHCbKOl npasoBoi' Ta nOJliTHHHOl /tVMKH, ItpSBaMH nrofCHHtl. 

. 1202000000 -m_^ Mome BBK67.1(4yKP) + 83.3(4yKP)5-8 



225-98 
ISBN 5-7773-0901-1 © Anjxpycm T., 1998 






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BCTyn 

Po3bhtok yKpaiHCbKoi' npaBOBoi" ayMKH, nonpn HeenpnaTJiHBi 
icTopHHHi yMOBH, 6yB nocTiHHHM i nenepepBHHM. XapaKTepnoio 
03HaKOK> iiLoro npouecy e HaciynHicTb i eBOjnou.iHHicTb, kojeh KoaceH 
HacTynHHH eTan po3BHTKy 6a3yBaBca Ha flocaraeHHax nonepe,znrix, 
36araiyioHHCb i AonoBHioioHHCb 3aBAaKH nocTifiHOMy CHHTe3y 
vKpaiHctKoi HauioHajibHO-icTopHqHoi Tpa^jmu 3 .npcaraeHHaMH cbjtoboi 
npaBOBoiAyMKH. npoTeicTopiapo3BHTKy yKpaiHCbKoi' npaBOBoi .nyMKH 
AocJHipKyBajiacb cjia6o i He Mae aocraTHbo noBHoro i rpyHTOBHoro 
BHCBiTJieHH» b icTopHHHifi Ta ropmHrraiH Hayui. 36epeaceHHK> cnaflKO- 
eMHOCTi Hboro npouecy 3HaHHOK> inipoio cnpHana fliajibHicTb 
Bii3HaHHHX oci6 yKpaiHCbKoi icTopii, 30KpeMa TaKHx, sk rpHropiii 
CKOBopo^a, naHTejieHMOH Kyjiiui, Mnsojia KocToiwapoB, MapKiaH 
maiHKeBira, iBaH <t>paHKo, Mnxaftjio /JparoMaHOB, Jleca yKpai'HKa. 
Bhbhchhh Ta TBopqe BHKopncTaHHs i'xHboi cnajnimiui y 6y,niBHHUTBi 
yKpaiHCbKoi aepacaBH e BHMoroio lacy. Oco6jihbo ne aKTyajibHo 
ctocobho Mnxaftna /JparoMaHOBa, TBopqicTb Ta cycniJibHO-nonrnrma 
AiajibHicTb AKoro npnnajiae Ha 70-90-ii pokh MHHynoro ctojhtth, to6to 
Ha nepiofl, hkhij xapaKTepH3yeTbca CTaHOBJieHHHM i po3bhtkom 
HOBiTHboi yKpaiHCbKoi HayKH, JHTepaTypn Ta KyjibTypH. CaMe b uett 
nepioa SyjiH 3aKJiaaeHi ochobh, Ha skhx Haaajii po3BHBanacb 
vKpai'HCbKa npaBOBa Ta nojiiTH<ma ayMKa. .ZJjia ^paroMaHOBa 
xapaKTepHi TBopia 6araTorpaHHicrb i npaBOBHH npo<j)ecioHaJri3M. BiH 
e ozniHM i3 TBOpHiB HOBiTHboi yKpaiHCbKoi npaBOBoi HayKH, noBHicno 
nwiopaflKOBaHoiweiHaHioHajttHoro.nojiiinqHoro, eKOHOMiRHoro Ta 
couiajibHoro BH3BOJieHH« yKpai'HCbKoro Hapojiy. 

IlpaBOBi norjumn ^paroMaHOBa c BHpaaceHHaM npo^ecifiHO- 
wpjmHHHoro CTaBJieHHH flo npaBa, aepacaBH Ta nojiiTHiHoi opraHisauii 
cycniitbCTBa '. 

HiJibHe Micue y TBopqocii Ta cycnLibHO-nojiiTHiHiS AiajibHocTi 
Miixaftjia ^paroiaaHOBa nocinae npo6JieMa npaB Ta cBo6oa jikmuihh. 
3aB^aHHa couianbHO-no.niTH'ffiHx nepeTBopeHb, HauioHajibHoro BH3- 
BojieHHa i nporpecy moncTBa BiH ticho noB'»3yBaB 3 po3bhtkom Ta 
P03iHHpeHHflM npaB Ta cbo6oa jhoahhh. y AocarHCHHi nojiiTHraoi 
cbo6o#h bih B6anaB MoacroiBicTb nporpecHBHHX 3MiH y cycniubCTBi; 
MoaoniBicTb po3ropTaHHa 6opoTb6n 3a BJiacHy aepacaBHicTb. 

Mnxaitno ,2,paFOMaHOB npunijiaB Bejnncy yBary KOHCTHTy- 
UiHHOMy 3aKpinjieHmo npaB i cbo6oa jnojotHH, npo6jieMaM npaBOCBi- 

flOMOCTi T3 3aKOHHOCTi, p03KpHTTK) Cyri Ta 3HaHeHH8 HHX npaBOBHX 

iHCTHTyria. 3Ha^He Micue y npauax mhcjihtcjib nociflae npo6neMa 
aepxcaBHoro ycTpoio, 3HaieHHa Ta pom caMOBpanysaHHa y 3MiuHeHHi 



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Ta po3nmpeHHi npaB jhoahhh. XapaKTepHoio wis cBiTorjiaay Mnxaftjia 
/IparoMaHOBa g iaea eaHOcTi ra Hepo3pHBHocTi BCboro KOMiuieKcy npaB 
ia cBo6oa Jno^HHH: noJHTHHHHx, couiajiLHHX, eKOHOMWHiix, Hauio- 
Ha;ibHHX, KyjibTypHHX. BiH BiacToioBaB Heo6xi4HicTfc nocuHamm 
aocaraeHk ycix HanpaiwiB npaBOBoi" ra noniraqHoi flyMKH po3BHHyTHX 
KpaiH, BHKopHcraHHH Ta nM6oKoro aHarrisy ^ramoro KOHcTirryniHHoro 
3axoHonaBCTBa 3apy6iscHHx AepxaB a Taico* HauionajibHHX, 
couiaiiiHHX, nciixojioriHHHX oco6jmBOCTefi ra icxopnqmix Tpaflnnifi 
yxpaiHCbKoro Hapo^y. 

y CBOi'fi 6opOTb6i 3 BenHKoaepJKaBHHM pOCUICbKHM IHOBiHi3MOM (sac 
O^iuiflHHM - CaMOflepacaBHO-HHHOBHHUbKHM, TaK i HeO^lUiHHHM - 

peBOJUoitiHHO-couiajiicTHHHHM), 3 iMnepcbKHMH HaviaraHHAMi! ABCTpo- 
YropcbKoi MOHapxii Ta nojibcbicoi ^eMOKpaTii, 3 neBHoio lacTHHoio 
yKpa'iHCbKoro pyxy Mnxafijio ^parojiaHOB BiacToioBaB i 3axHmaB He 
TiJibKH npaBa Ta cbo6ojjh yKpa'iHCbKoi Hanii, nparaeHHa yKpa'iHCbKoro 
Hapojiy jjjo HauioHajibHoro Ta conianbHoro bh3bojichhh, CTBOpeHHH 
BJiacHoi ^epacaBH, BinbHoro po3biitkv, a h ochobhi npaBa jdo^iihii hk 
3arajn.HOjnoacbKy uiHHicrb. 

TBOpqa cnaammia mhcjihtcjui Biuninyjia Ha noaajibuiiiH po3bhtok 
yKpa'iHCbKoi npaBOBoi jjvmkh, ocKiubKH BiH sk yieHHH, ny6jiinHCT, 
eTHorpatj), BHUaBein,, namTmc 6yB Biipa3HHKOM ycix thx nepeaoBHX Ta 
nporpeCHBHHX iaefi Ta nparHeHb, «Ki 6yjm xapaKTepHi ajih YKpaiHH 
Jtpyroi HOJiOBHHH XIX ct. BoAHOHac, npaBoei norJM,a,H Mnxanna 
^paroMaHOBa c opramqHHM npoaoB»ceHHaM npaBOBHX iaeii niumna 
OpjiiDca, rpHropia CxoBopoflH, KHpHJio-MaJtofliiBCbKoro 6paTCTBa. 
TaK cawio y KoHCTHTynii YHP, y flOKyiueHTax yTBP 3namitJia cBoe 
BTineHHfl HH3Ka ineii MnxaHJia ^paroMaHOBa. 

He BTpaiaioTb bohh cBoei aKTyajibHocTi i b cyiacHHX yinoBax 6y- 
ZHBHUUTBa ACMOKpaTHnHoi npaBOBoi yKpa'iHCbKoi AepxaBH. 






fc_ 



P03flIJI 1 
nPAB03AXHCHHK 

1. Cna^Kooueiib BOJTbHocreH KoiaiibKHX 

I. cppaHKo, po3rjraaaioHH cycniJibHo-noniTHHHi normm MHxaftjia ijparo- 
ManoBa, nHcaB: "Xoxaran 3p03VMiTH cKJiaa, yMa i HanpaM inefl flparoMa- 
Hosa, KOHHe Tpe6a vsibhth co6i tv ctpepy, cepcR hkoi BiH pofljroca i bhxo- 
BaBCH, i toh lac, y JOciM (jwpMVBajmca floro mei. Ta c<Jiepa, to SyJia yicpa- 
iHCbKa, b 3H3HHiH Mipi noMOCKoBJiena iHTemreHiuJi JIiBo6epe»CHOi YKpaiHH. 
^aBHJi KcoaubKa Tpajmuis tvt, iae Bin no^anaE XIX Bucy 3poaiac» 3 Jii6e- 
panbHHMM iaeaMH 3axizmoi CBponH. ByB TaM i (Jjpanrry3bKHH pecny6jiuca- 
Hi3M 3 noro HeBipoio b aBTopirreT aep»caBHHH i uepKOBHHfi, 6vb i pocifl- 

ChKHH KpHTHUH3M 13 HOrO HeBipOIO B CycntTQ.HHH VCTpifi Potil, 6yjIH ft OCTaH- 
KH K03am>KOrO aBTOHOM13My 3 HexiTTK) JIO MOCKOBCbKoro ueHTpH3My" ' . 

CaMe 3 uboro cepeaoBHiua, b asoMy bhcoko uiHVBaBca iHrejieKT, skomv 
opramHHO 6yjia npnTaMaHHa nosara no BJiacHoro Hapojiy, BKftmjio HeMano 
jnoflefl, TBopiicTb xa rpoMaacbica niaiibHicTb hkhx CTajia onopoio yicpaiH- 
cbKoi' HayKH i KyjibTypH apyroi' iiojiobhhh XIX cr. 

MHxaftno /JparoMaHOB Hapo,nHBca b HBopaHCbKift ciM'i, axa noxoamia 
3 K03aubKoi' crapiUHHH, ,ZUa, — JIkhm ^aroManoB — 6yB reHepajibHHM 
cyamew npHrerbMaHCbKOMv ypajri. floro apyjKHHa 6yna jxoHbKoio BiftcbKo- 
Boro o6o3Horo (flpyrHft nicjia rerbMaHa BiftcbKOBHH mm y KosaubicoMy 
BincbKy) *, %k JDoajma BHcoKoocBiieHa i KyJibTypHa Akhm JJparoMaHOB 
BeJiHK} yBary rtpHfliUHB ocBixi cboix mrevL. ftoro chhh — Aids Ta IleTpo 
— 3flo6yjm BHnry ocBhy y nerq)6yp3i: ibciB — BiftcbKOBy, IleTpo — lopn- 
TOiHHy. ni3Hiijie ilitiB crae ineHOM ToBapncrBa o6'e,aHaHHX cjiob'hh. 

BaibKO MHxafijia .ZIparoMaHOBa rierpo, OTpHMaBam ocBixy, neajcHti 
iae npamoe npn BiftcbKOBOMV MiHicrepCTBi Ha nocaai "BHeHoro lopHcra", 
a 1838 p. noBepTacTfeCfl Ha 6aTBidBmHHy, ,ne iioro o6HpaioTb 3eMCbKHM 
cyMeio. npoxe fioro oe'ocTHBHicTb npn posraaai cnpaB, npHXiuibHe craB- 
JieHHa ao npeacTaBHHKiB HesaMoxcHHX BepcTB HaceneHHa noflo6airocb He 
BciM, i ftoMy aoBenoca saJDninmi cbok nocaay. Biarofli BiH 6uibine He nepe- 
6yBaB Ha aepacaBHiH in rpoMaflcbKifi cjry)K6i, npoxe k>pkiihhhok> awJib- 
Hicno laiiMaBca flo kihuh xhtt9. 

Ma™ Mnxafijia flparoMaHOBa — GnHsaBeTa iBamBHa, floixa non- 
TaBcbKoro noMiinHKa iBaHa Uanbioi, "Tesc 3 KosairtKoro pofly, nopta- 
neHoro 3 BeroracaMH" 5 . 






Powma ^paroMEHOBHx 3a cboim MaiiHOHHM craHOM hihhm He Biapi- 
3Hajiact Bin, cycumix noMimHidB. Mami cboc cejio, "nopa^HHH, acorn. 
npocTopHii 6>',hhhok" i xhjih "xoh He po3Kinmo, ajie h He 6ioHo" '. Ua 
o6craBHHa e bcjilmh cyTTCBOio, ockuh>kh noKa3ye, mo Hi 6aTbKH Mnxaflna 
i^paroMaHOBa, hi BiH caM He npHHinjm pjo cboix noraa/us npo piBHicn 
ycix jnoaefi, noBary ro jnoacbicoi ocoShctocti, noinaHyBaHHa npaB Ta 
CBo6ofl jnoaHHH nepes BJiacHy 6iamcTb i ynocirijiKeHicTb cepea csoro craHy, 
lepea mo 3 hhmh raxTo 6 He paxyBasca. I y SaTbica, i y cHHa ne 6yjio nnrfjoice 
MopamHO-eTHHHe nepeKOHaHHa, axe 6pano cboi bhtokh b yKpaiHCbKHX 
HaujoHanbHHX TpaflHHiax K03aubKoro aeMOKpara3My Ta piBHOcri, i aice He 
Morno 6yTH 3HiBeJibOBaHe nnHiuiHMH BnjiHBaMH. € Bci nijcTaBH 
CTBepflscyBaTH, mo pojiHHa flparoMaHOBHX 6yjia cmtioo 3 rax, Ha xcajn, 
aeiHCJieHHHx poflHH, joci hikojih He spkaJiHeb CBoro Hapo^y, He BTpanajm 
opramHHoro 3B'a3Ky 3 icTopHHHHMH Ta namoiui DjIiumh TpaamaaMH, i 
TBOprom, xoh HeBerancy KinbicicHO, 3aTe BHyrpiiHHbo uMcHy yjcpawcbicy 
HauioHanbHy enixy, HKa He aajia nepeTBopHTHCb yKpai'HCbKOMy 
HauioHajibHO-BH3BoiibHOMy pyxoBi na pyx bhkjhohho npHrHo6neHHX 
BepcTB HaceneHHa. IIopyH 3 MnxafinoM 3HaiHHH BHecoK y posbhtok 
yKpai'HCbKoi KyjibTypH, 3MumeHHa yKpai'HCbicoro nomTHHHo-ro pyxy 
3po6KJia floro pinna cecTpa Ontra, BiaoMa yicpaiHCbKa imcbMeHHHua OneHa 
n«riJiKa. TaKHMH hc 6yjna i iiaiitLniaviri cycian Ta apyai ciM'i /IparoMaHOBHX, 
aid 6araT0 3po6Hjm ana yKpaiHCbicoro HauioHajibHoro Biapoa*eHHa: 
poflHHa KoBaneBCbKHX (Mracona KoBaJieBCbKHH — HJieH CTapoi rpoMaan, 
copaiHHK Ta oaHoayMeuj, MnxafLia /^paroMaHOBa, caMe 3aBaaKH noro 
no;KH5KHUtU)Kiii npaiti 3i 36opy KourriB crajia mokjthbok noasa 6iin>raocTi 
aceHeBCbKHx BHaaHb ,Hpai oMaHOBa), HnxceBCbKHX (flaBJio HnaceBCbKHH — 
nenyTaT ,Hq>*:aBHoi Avmh Bia YKpaiHCbKoi aeMOKparaHHoi napTii), 
KyHHHCbKHX (Juo^MHJia KyiHHCbKa — apyjKHHa /JparoMaHOBa, fioro 
He3MiHHHii noMiHHHK Ta copararac). BejiHKHH BruiHB y UbOMy cepeaoumw 
mhjih Taw moan, aK iutiB ae BejibMeH, sncoMy ILIeBHeHKo npHCBaraB noemy 
"KaBKa3", PermiHH, KanmcTH. ,/Jpai OManoB 3raayBaB: ".3 caM, y CBifi 
xjion'aHHftBiK, y 50-TipoKH, HaaH6aBCb, Hanp. Ha cjriaH BiumBy KanmcriB, 
— jri6epajiiB i aGojikcioHicTiB, i3 Kpyxaca kotphx b nepuoiH pa3 3Ho6yB i 
"Coh" i "KaBK33" s . 

Ochobh ayxoBHoro po3BHTKV Mnxafijia ^paroManoBa 3aKJiaB 6aTtKO. 
npo iiefi 6 a ibKiBCbKHti bitjihb, iioro 3HaHenHa ana ce6e ^parohiaHOB raicaB: 
"Si ayxce 3o6oB'a3aHHR MoeMy 6aTbKOBi, skmh po3BHHyB y MeHi 
urrejieKTyaJibHi iHTepecn, i 3 bkhm y MeHe He 6yjio Mopajn>Horo p03iiaay i 
6opoTb6H, — aBHine He3BHHaftHe b Pocii ii Tenep, a Kojmcb thm 6inbine" *. 






XapaKTepmyiOHH nonnsaH CBoro GaTtKa, JXparoManoB Ha3HBaB ix 
"noeflHaHHSM xpHCTHSHCTBa 3 (pijiocoepieio XVIII ct., i snco6iHCTBa 3 
jjeMOKpaTHqmiM ue3apH3MOM" 7 . IleTpo flparoMaHOB 6yB ana cboix anrefi 
npHiciaaoM cjiyaciHHa jnoa»M, roTOBHocri ao caMonoxcepTBH, noinami ao 
.noaHHH, H npaB Ta riaHocri, HenpHMHpeHHocTi ao 6yab-«KHx nopyraeHB i 
3JioBXHBaHb 13 6oKy BJiaan Ta naHiBHHx BepcTB. Cecxpa Mnxaftna 
^paroMaHOBa, sraayioiH npo 6aTbKa, iracajia, mo "b toh iac, kojih 
noBHOBJiaaHO naHysaJio aecnoiwiHe npaBO, kojih 3 xpinaxaMH Moaoia 6yjio 
po6HTH, mo xoiiTH, — y Hac HiKO.TH HiKoro He ohjTH, Hi 3 Koro He 
3Hymajmcb; b Ty nopy, kojih b neaarorini nrKun.Hifi i xaxHiii "yqnTH" Majio 
co6i CHHOHiM "6hth", — Hac, arreH, He tud>kh hhcojih He 6nnH, a HaBiTb 
HiaxHMH iHiHHMH cnoco6aMH He Kapajm; oTxce, mh BHpocTajm, He GaHHBum 
HiaKHX amcHX cueH p03npaBH canbHoro 3 niaBJiaaHHM, crapimix poamriB 
i3 ttjiom i ayraeio 6e33axHCHHX atTefi; ana HacTaBJieHHa Ha ao6pHH po3yM 
6yno TtnbKH cnoKiHHe, JiariaHe cjiobo... MaMa at iuuia ciiaoM 3a hhm" 8 . 
BwxoByioiH b aJTHX caMonoBary, HecnpHHHSTTH 6yab-»Koro HacHJibCTBa 
Haa co6ok>, 6an.Ko He TinbKH hucojih caM He 6hb i He KapaB atTefi, a fi 6yB 
npoTHBHHKOM xaKoro Meioay BHxoBaHHa B3arajii. TaK, BtaaawHH 
Mnxaftjia Ha HasiaHHs y noBiTOBe ynHimme b raami, BiH nocTaBHB yMOBy, 
"mo6 Horo HiKOJiii TaM He 6hjjh i B3araju wan He Kapajm, a kojih mo 
TpanHTbCfl, CKa3aJiH HOMy, 6axbKOBi, — BiH 3 chhom noroBopHTb i xnoneixb 
roai, 3 neBHicno, Hinoro Jinxoro He po6HTHMe" '. I kojih, npH 3aidHHeHHi 
riojrraBCbKoi riMHa3ii, nepe3 KOHtpJiiKT 3 incneKTopoM Mnxaiuia mbjih 
bhkjuohhth 3 riMHa3ii 3a aBa Miami ao 3aidHHeHHs riMHa3iaJn>Horo Kypcy, 
6aTbKOBi sanponoHysajiH bhcikth CHHa ryT Taioa b riMHa3iipi3KaMH, mo6 
ycLM ymaM 6vjio BiaoMo npo ino Kapy, 3 thm mo6 hixto He chob aonyocaxH 
"aep3Koro noBeaeHHa" cynpoTH CBoro "HaHanbCTBa", inaKiuc CHHa 
BHKjnoiaTb i3 riMHaiii 6e3 npaB a BCTyny ao oyab-HKoro inmoro 
HaBiajn,Horo 3aiciiaay, to ii Tyr bih 3ajraniHBca BipHHM cbojm npHmmnaM, 
cKajaBimi, mo xoi hom>' i ay*e Baaoco 6aiHTH TaKy nepenoHy Ha CHHOBOMy 
imiaxy, — kojih XJioneujb He MaTHMe 3Morn 3aKiH*iHTH riMHaaii i BiHTHCb 
najri, — ajie Bin, 6aTbKo, Bojnrrb npHHiwrrH Bace TaKe jihxo, huk bhcikth 
CHna pijKaMH: He 6hto iforo MajJHM, thm Guibine He mohoihbo saBaaBaTH 
homy TaKo'i ram>6H, kojih Bin cTaB aopocjDiM k>H3Kom 10 . Bpeimi, 3aBanKH 
BTpy- qaHHK) Mhkojih nnporoBa, hkhh Ha toh nac 6yB oniKyHOM 
KniiBCbKoro yi6oBoro oxpyrj , ao jncoro Bxoamia i riojrraBCbKa riMHa3ia, 
Mnxaftjia JJparoMaHOBa BiapaxyBajai 3 riMHa3ii 3a 3asBOK) 6aTbKa "no 
flOMauiHHM o6cTOHTejn>CTBaM" ". TaKe 3BijibHeHHH aaJio 3Mory 3aaTH 
eKcrepHOM riMHa3iajibHHH Kypc Ta npoaoBWHTH HaBiaHHS b yHiBepcuTeTi. 



PasoM i3 noiyiTHM caMonoBara 6an.KO BHXoBVBaB y Mnxafijia noBary 
flo jnoflefi, He3aneaKH0 Bia IxHboro noxoa*:eHHa hh MafiHOBoro CTairy, 
po3yMiHHa HenpHnycTHMOcri nopyraeHHa npaB Jijojomn, ryMaHHe 
cTaBJieHHH so jnoaefi, roTOBHicTB im flonoMorrH. .Hk nncas ni3Hime 
^paroMaHoB: "EaTwco Mifi 6vb ay>Ke sbichhh Mix MyscrajTBOM y noBiii i 
6araTo manoK 3HiMaJioet> nepea hhm oxoqe, ssk mh xojaum a6o nawiH, 
npmoMy h 6an,KO mih caM 3HiMaB uiaracy i MeHe HaBHim Teac 3HiMaTH 
mamcy " i: . BHXOBaHHH y t3komy ayci, flparoMaHoB Bee cboc jkhtth pirayne 
BMciynaB npoiw 3BepxHboro, 3HeBaxcjniBoro craBJieHMfl ao npocrax jnoaefi, 

1110 6yJIO OflHieiO 13 npHHHH pi3KHX KOH^JIlKTiB 13 FaJIHUbKHMH 

HapoaoBusMH, aid npmHHj' -umromiB vKpaiHCbicoro ceJismcTBa b rajoroiHi 
BGaiaim b "jriHHBCTBi Ta n'aHCTBi xjioniB". HaBqaioqacb y riMHasii', Bin, 
hhbhhbiiih HanaM'sxb "HaTamcy-noirraBKy" I. n. KoTJiapeBCbKoro, is 
3aflOBOJieHHaM imae ii" nepea KpinaicaMH y ce6e BflOMa 15 . 

3 OaTbKiBcbKoi xara bhhjc ^parowiaHOB pcoyMiHHH noipe6H ryMan- 
Horo CTaBJieHHfl ao JiroaeH He3ajie»cHo Bia ixhboi HauioHajibHocri, HecnpHH- 
HaTra 6yflj.-HK0i HainoHanbHoi' 3BepxHocri qH HenoBara ao aicoicb Haixii 
«ni Hapoay. neipo .UparoMaHOB 6vb ana cboix aJTefi HeTinwcH npracnaaoM 
uiaHo6jiHBoro craBJieHHs ao jnoaefi, ajie fi npraaiaaoM xpHcniaHcbKoro 
MHJiocepaa fi jhoSobi ao GjiHXHfeoro. OneHa niunca y cboix cnoraaax 
imcana: "BenHKy npHXHJibHicTb fi noBary npna6aB co6i Ham TaTo npoMiac 
raaaubKHM jaoaoM oco6jihbo nia lac xonepn, mo 3aianoHyjiacb 6yao b 
TaaflraoMy b 50-x poKax; He 6yBiiw NteaHKOM, TaTo xoaHB y Mimancbid 
aBopH, hoc»hh 6e3nopaaHHM xbophm jiucH h iiopaay chobom" l4 . 

3Majncy MHxafino Mas 3Mory cnocrepiraTH i 3a lopHaH^HOK) aianbHicno 
cBoro 6axhKa, hkhh BHcrynaB 3axMCHHKOM y cnpaBax "pi3Horo api6Horo 
jnoay: xk ceJiaH {3 KommiHix K03aKiB), «Ki BiamyKyBann co6i bojuo, 
peiepyriB, HenpaBHJibHo B3HTHX b apMiio, i B3aram bcskhx npHTHiHeHHx" 
15 , HaaaroHH m ropnanHHy aonoMory, BHCTynaioHH 3axncHHK0M nopyraeimx 
npas, ocicapsKyjoHH HesajcoHHi aii qHHOBHHKiB i MicneBHx noMimiuciB. CaMe 
ropHaHHHa, npaBosaxHCHa aisJibHicTb 6aTbKa, sdkhh, He3BaacaioHH Ha 
HenpnxHJB>He CTaBJieHHa BJiaan, iacTO aoMaraBca npraiHHeHHa nopymeHHH 
a6o noHOBJieHHa npaB cboix KmeHriB, erajia ochobok ms. (popMysaHHa 
npaBOBoro CBiToraaay Mnxaftna /JparoMaHOBa, fioro po3VMiHHa pom Ta 
SHaneHHa 3aKOHY aia 3axHCTy npas Ta CBo6oa JHoaHHH. 

OTpHMaHe saoMa BuxoBamia, ochobh cBiTorjiaay, 3aKJiaaeHi 6aTbKOM, 
nposBJisiOTbca B*e nia iac HaBiaHHa b riMHasii. "Si 6yB y n'sTOMy miaci, 
kohh noianacb ariTauur npo eMaHcmiamiio cejiaH, «Ka HanoBHHJia boo moio 
■Hyiny" '*, — sraayBaB ni3Hime flparoMaHOB. A b jmcTi ao 6axbiciB Bia 



10 



17.01.1857 p. BiH micas: "Tenep sci aeypHajiH HanoBHera nuTHHHHMH npo 
censHCTBo b ABcrpii, OpaHuii, Pocii, KpiM Toro — noSyr HerpiB Tomo. 
Mnpropoacbiarii noBiT sriaHHfi Ha 3Bim>HeHHJt cejum. IIJo cKaace raasH? 
... HeBHce aj'6JieHono6i noMimmai, inny Kopo6oHKH, ao noHBH HOBoro 
nyra^oBa He sposyMiiOTb BaxumBocTi cnpaBH" (l ". 3Harao nisHiine, b 
oanoMy 3 aoHeceHb aBCTpificBKoi nojnuji, ae xapaKrepmyBaaaca nomTfrma 
EiHUbHiCTb ,/jparoMaHOBa, 6yno 3a3HaHeno, mo, "kojih Bin 1857 poicy 
po3noHaJiacb b Pocii ariTauisi 3a niKBiaauiio KpinauTBa, BHaaBa™ 
riMHa3HCTH b IlojiTaBi pyKonncHy raseTy, peaaKTopoM «koi 6yB 
/JparoMaHOB" ls . BinToro qacy npo6neMa piBHonpaBHocri, MoacnHBicTb 
cejMHaM KopHcryBaTHCb ochobhhmh npaBaMH Ta cBo6oaaM« jnoaHHH 
nocTiiiHo nepe6yBaraMyn> y nom 30py /AparoMaHOBa. 

riia nac HaBHaHHfl b riMHasii po3nmpiocn.ca iHTejieKTyajibHHH Kpyro- 
3ip /4paroMaHOBa, 3Minraoen.ca nepeKOHamcTb y BaaumBocri npaB Ta 
cBo6oaJnoaHHH, 3'HBJDicn>c»po3yMiHHH HcoSxinHocTi 6opcm,6H 3a aocar- 
neHHH HaJiescHoro piBHa ixHboro 3aKOHoaaBqoro 3aKpinjieHHH i 
rapaHTyBaHHH. noMJTHo BiumHyB Ha /JparoMaHOBa y uefi nepioaBmaiaaa'i 
icxopii' nomaBcbKoit riMHa3ii O. I. CrpoHiH (ni3Hiine penpecoBaimft 
pocificbKoio BJiaAoio 3a vKpaiHO^uibCTBo). /JparoMaHOB nHcaB npo Hboro 
v cbogmv HHCTi flo 6aTbKiB: "HyaecHo roBopHTb i «nrrae CBifi npeaMer" '*. 
A b*x 3HaiHo nisHiine, y cboix cnoraaax, bjh 3raayBaB: "TajiaHT CTpoHma 
noKa3yBaBca b tom>', mo BiH nepeHocHB yqeHHiciB y cum cyrb jKjnra fi 
iHTepecis KojKHoi enoxH i npH TOMy, 3BicHo, 6yaHB CHMnaTiio ao nepeaoBoro 
iHTepecy- enoxn, T3K mo yqeHHKH nepescHBajm 6opoTb6y 3a bojho 
uuniBiayajiBHoi coBicri b nepioa PeipopMauii, 3a npocBiry b XVIII ct., 3a 
nojriTUHHy bojuo, aBTOHOMiio Hauii i aeMoicpaTiio 3 coujaabHoio cnpaBoio 
3 KiHiw XVIII cr. y XVIII ct„ nq>ea(J)paHny3bKOK> peBojnouiao, CTporan 
BHKJiaaaB HaM noairaHHi Teopii BojibTepa, MoHTecK'e i Pycco, a b XIX, 
nepea 1848 p., — coujajibHi OyeHa, C. CiMOHa, Oyp'c i iH. npH UbOMy 
K>pc icTopii aoBoaHBca ao ocraHHboro poKy, Tax mo yqeinnc, ciciHHHBinH 
ftoro, Mir co6i opieHiyBaTHCb y TOMy, mo KpyroM Hboro po6miocb" ". 

Bhcokhh piBem> BHKJiaaaHHa y noeanaHHi 3 Haa3BmaftHoio npaio>o- 
BHTicno, umpoKHMH iHTeaeKTyajibHHMH iffrepecaMH (TaK, Ha noHancy 1 857 
p. bih nHcaB b oanoMy 3i cboix jracTiB ao SaTbKiB: ".H wraio Tenep 4 
acypHaim rpyHTOBHO, a acypHajm Tenep o6iH.\iaiOTb bcio mTepaiypHy i 
HayKOBy aiaabHicrb Kpaum" 21 ) aaion. 3Mory ^paroMaHOBy sace b riMHa3ii 
npaBHJibHo opiGHTVBaTHCb y noniTHHHoMy nrrri, npaBOBHX npo6aeMax, 
ochobhhx TeHaeHuisx cycnijibHoro poiBHTKy. npnxaaaoM Tyr Moace 
cjtv)khth ftoro jmcTao peaaicropa xcypHaay "AtokA", oaHoro 3 BiaoMHX 



npeacTaBHmriB pocificbKoro JiiTepaxypHo-rpoMaacbKoro pyxy 40-50-x 
poKiB C <I». Kopma, jncoMy ^aroManoB, xoai me 17-ppnmfi riMHa3HCT 
.(jihct HaimcaHHH 4 ipaBH» 1858p.), dhceb: "CyaacHoi icxopiiy BacsoBciM 
HCMae. Ilia ukm Tpe6a po3yMiTH xapaKTepncTHKy cynacHHX noaiH b cbiti 
nomnrmoMy i rpOMamracbKOMy... Bh noBHHHi 6ynH BKa3axH Ha nonmoey 
koxhoi aep%aBK, 9Ka noxoanxb Bin iff reorpa<})iTOoro nojjosceHHa fi 
icTopHHHHX npiraHH. Toai 6 hsm i Ha Maft6yTHe i 6e3 noacHenb 6yjm 
3po3yMLii noaii b 3axwmH GBponi. Tax, HanpHKiiaa, Hani buc b icropii 
BHyrpiuiHboro ynpaBJiiHHa aepacaB KOHcxmynimmH. He 3H8johh ochobh 
i noxoffaceHHa KOHCTHTyuji IcnaHii , Benbrii, CapaiHii, (HaBixb cbmoi) Ahtjiq, 
hh Moxce Hama ny6jDica 3po3yMiTH, lOMy ue parrroM b Icnami sci MuricTpH 
noaaim y BiacTaBKy i T.a." a . 

HaBiaioHHCb y riMHa3ii, ^paroMaHOB, "mo6 3Miin«!TH b co6i ryMamri 
i JB6epanbHi iaei", nocHJieHO BHBHae iH03eMHi mobh, ocidiibKH nepeicoHa- 
HHfi y npaBHUbHocii xBepaaceima O. I. CxpoHiHa npo Te, ujo pocificbKHH 
"ypaa Moxce, kojih saxone, 3a6opoHHXH boo jrixepaxypy" n . He 3HaHH» 
mob ni3Hirae aano 3Mory flparoMaHOBy He xinbKH 3HaHOMnxnca 3 ocxaH- 
himh aocarHeHHSMH cbitoboi nojUTHHHoi Ta npasoBoi ayMKH, ajie H 
BHcyHyra npo6aeMy 6opoTb6H 3a HaujoHajibHe Ta nojriTtrme BH3BoxeHHa 
yKpaiHH, 3ao6yxxa npaB i CBo6oa ;uoanHii jcih box BepcTB HaceaeHHH y 
BceeBponeficbKOMy MacraTa6i. 

BoaHoiac, 3aBa»KH Bate 3raayBaHOMy BraxeaeBi icropii, xKiiii oco6hc- 
to 3HaB O. I. TepueHa, flparoMaHOB *mxae "Kojiokoji", "riojiapHyio 
3Be3ay", 3HaiioMHXbca 3 ia,esMH FepneHa, noBara ao jncoro 3ajonraiiiacb y 
/IparoMaHoBa Ha Bee xcHxxa. He ine 6ixn>ine yxBepaiKye floro na ayMui npo 
BaxuiHBicTb nomaHH ao jnoacbKoi oco6HCTocTi, npaB xa cBoSoajnoaHHH. 
UncaBHM, 3 ujei tohkh 3opy, BHaaexbca jehcx Mnxaitna /JparoMaHOBa ao 
Mojioamoro 6paxa iBaHa, hkhh nocrynHB Ha aepxoBHy ary»;6y: "Ilepm 
sa Bee aHBHCb Ha Bcaicoro, snc Ha aioaHHy, Ha iff rianicxb. TonoBHe Hi nepea 
khm He npHHHScyfica i He B03BHmancs, Bean ce6e piBHo. He ayMafi, mo 
BiaaiayBai ana Toro aawe Ha CBixi, mo6 Ha6nBaxH to6i KHinem, a 
Hananbinnc, — mo6 th nepea hhm noB3aB. He raHraca 3a rpiniMH. Hecxb 
nepm 3a bcc... IIocrynaioHH kophcxojiio6hbo, jnoaHHa po6nxbca 3BipoM, 
aK bobk aHBHTbca Ha bibuk), mo6 3 3aicTH. Y jnoaHHH nepm 3a Bee noBHHHa 
6yrH roxoBHicTb ao caMonosepTBH, BoHa nosuHHa jkhxth cboc Biaaara 
3a mo6oB ao 6JiHsan>oro i poShth ao6po He xoMy, mo 3a ne ift" saiuiaxsxh, 
a xoMy mo ne iff o6oB'a30K" z \ Ui cnoBa aas JXpai oManoua 6yjm He npocxo 
rapHHMH (Jjpa3aMH, BOHHBHpaMcajmfioro BHyTpiuiHK) nepeKOHaHicxb, arafi 
Bin He spaaacysaB Bee csoe aorrxa. IloBara ao awaHHH, HexepnHMicxb ao 



12 






Syflb-sncHX nprnouKeHb jnoacbKoi riaHocri cthjih ochoboio hoto CTocyintiB 
13 jnoabMH. I B»ce b riMHa3ii MuxaftjioBi /JparoMaHOBy aoBenocb 
nepeKOHaxHCb, mo TaKa nosHUM He TiUbKH BHMarae bhcokhx ocoShcthx 
MopaiibHHX aKocTefi, a fi Jiyace lacTO noB'naHa 3 momhbhmh 
HenpneMHOCTaMH, a to fi penpecisMH. TaK, aacTynHBiUHCb 3a cBoro 
TOBapHina, hkomv sqirrejib cica3aB rpyGicib, bih OTpHMaB Ha eiaaMeHi 
He3 aflOBinbHy oiuHxy i 6yB 3ajDmieHHH Ha apyrHH piK K . Te xc caMe crajiocb 
nepeji. 'jaxiHHeHHaM riMHasii, kojih, npoTecTyroiH npora rpy6ocxi 
iHcneicropa riMHa3ii, bjh niiuoB Ha kohcjudkt i 6yB BiapaxoBaHHii i3 3aicnafly . 
ripore, ui noaii He TinbKH He npHMyciuiH fioro 3MiHHTH cboio no3iniiio , ajie 
me 6LibHie yTBepjJHJiH y nepeKOHaHHi H npaBunbHocii. I, BcrynHBHiH ao 
KmBCbKoro ymBepcHTexy, BiH MaB yace aocTaTHbo ycrajieHHH noraaa Ha 
jKHTTH, moflcbKi B3acMHHH, cycrriJibHi Ta nojiiTHHHi npo6jieMH, a Taicosc Ha 
npaBa xa cBo6oaH jhoothh. 

2. Po'jpHBaiOHM KaHJiaHH 

y KHiBCbKOMy yHiBepcHTeTi, ao socoro .UparoMaHOB BCTynHB 1859p., 
3aBj(HKH nporpecHBHHM norasmaM noneiHTejM Kiri'BCbKoro yn6oBoro 
OKpyry M. I. FbiporoBa, naHyBajia aKajiewmHa cBo6oaa, 6nH3bKa ao espo- 
neftcbKoi'. Pa30M i3 MirxannoM 40 yHiBepcHTery BCTyrauio KUibKa ftoro 
apy3iB no nojrraBCbKiH riMHasii. XapaKTepH3yioHH uefi "nojrraBCbKHH 
rypTox", bih imcaB: "Mh 3najni HanaM'jrrb TepiieHa, LLleBHeHKa, — aexTO 
npyaona; mh HHTajm 3 paaicno KoaroMapoBa, LUanoBa , IlaBJioBa, mo i b 
icTopii' Pocii noKa3yBaim, mo 6yjm Kojmcb iacH, kojih Tyr cain Hapoa, a He 
HaiaubCTBO, po6HB cboio icTopiio. Mh 6vhh no csoeMy pecnyGjiucaHUJ i 
couiajiicTH, — no ToainmboMy KHiBCbKOMy xjionoMaHe... Caina 
HaHrapsHiraa Hama ayMica 6yna: 1HM-He6yab i JQCHaHCKOpiine 3annaTHTH 
MVKHKOBi 33 Te, mo MH BHTOflyBaJIHCb i BHBMHJIHCb sa fioro kohit" m . 

HaH6ijibm expeicmBHoio, hk Ha toh iac, jasua>mcno b utoMy HanpsMi Morna 
6yTH TinbKH npaua Haa npocBJTOio Hapoay, TOMy /JparoMaHOB n 
TOBapmnaMH aKTHBHo bkjuothbch b pyx 3 opram3auu HeaiJibHHX nndn, i, 
sk nnme .flparoinaHOB, "nepina Taica imcojia (y Khcbi Ha TloaoJii) 6yna 
oaKpirra nauiiiM KpysocoM" r \ "Mh, xto 3pa3y, a xto mora jxBox-Tpbox 
npo6, CTaiDi Ha tomj- iMeHHo, mo6 3aJiHinHTH ycjncy nom-nraHy nponaraaay 
b imcojiax HeainbHHX, a bwth arreH rpaMoii, ayMa™, posyMira npnpoay, 
— 60 po3yMiTH npHpojxy Moace i anTHHa, a noniTHKy tuimch toh, xto 
cnpo6ye aonre b rpOMajjj, to6to He parauie 16-17 hit. Mh crajm Ha TOMy, 



13 



mo i TaKa (MHpHa, hhcto HayKOBa) imcojia, 6yjie boimkok) peBonKmiao, — 
6yHT0M cepca. HenHCbMeHHOi leum, b Korpiti ycaice flyMa TintKH, son 6h 
ycKy6Hyra MyacHKa, i mxTO He nyua noMorra fioMy, i iMeHHO qepes Te 
crapajmcb Bflepacara mo uncojiy, iiokh Mora" a . CunaK i b TaKHX imcojiax 
pocificbKHH ypan B6aqaB Bejimcy He6e3neKy m» csoro naHyBaHHa i b jmmd 
1862 p. 3a6opoHHB ix. l\s 3a6opoHa He tjju>kh Bi;upBana /JparoMaHOBa 
Binyjno6jieHoro 3aHflTTS, a h me ouibuic nepeKOHana y BasniHBOcTi ocbith 
OTS Hapoay. ripamoioHH b HeninbHiH imcojii, a ni3Hiine — y neaaroriTOH 
uncojii, HKa noBHHHa 6yjia roTyBara yMHTejiiB ara Hapojootx imdn, a TaicoHc 
y KOMicii 3 peaaryBaHHa nonyjrapHHX khhxcok jura Hapoay, aid Majia Ha.\iip 
BHjanarH KniBCbKa TpoMaaa, ^paroMaHOB npaKTHiHO 3iTKHyBca 3 
npo6jieMOK> HauioHa.TLHHX npaB jiiojihhh. IJe, HacaMnepea, npaso Ha 
ocBiTy piaHoio moboio, npaijo BiJibHo po3BHBaTH cbok) Mosy, JBxepaTypy 
tb KyjiBTypy, qoro 6ynH no36aBJieiu yKpaunri y CKJiafli PocificbKoi iMnepii. 
/IparoMaHOB rry6jiiKyc y "CaHKT-neTep6yprcKHX Be^oMocrax" ronicy 
cTaTefi, y jdohx bLzictoioc npaBO Ha BHKJiaflaHHa yKpa'iHCbKoio moboio y 
UDcojiax YKpaiHH, BHcrynac 3a po3BHTOK yicpaiHCbKoi HayKH i KyjibTypn. 
Ba*JiHBitM MoMemroM y nonrrmHOMy ra rpoMaacbKOMy craHOBJieHHi 
flparoMaHOBa, yxBepflaceHHi aBTOpHTCTy Ta BiumBy cepcn cryfleHTCTBa i 
nporpecHBHoi' rpoMajicbKocTi Ktirua CTaB fioro BHCTyn Ha nposoaax 
M.I.IlHporoBa. PociiicbKi Bjiacri He moi-jih TepniTH thx Manxe KOHCTHTy- 
luhhhx nopjunciB, sod 3anpoBajraB IlHporoB y KepoBanoMy hum yi6oBOMy 
oicpy3i, i TOMy HaBoci ri 1 86 1 p. b!h 6yB BinnpaBJieHHH y Bi^cTaBKy. ncaarora 
oKpyry, nepeaoBa iHTejiireHHia BHpiumJiH 3aaBHTH cboio cojiinapHicTb i 
nomaHy ao Bejnacoro BieHoro. y KhcbI Ha fioro lecTb 6yno BJiamTOBaHo 
xtBa 5eHKeTH, Ha ojoioMy 3 hhx «k npeacxaBHHK Bin KHiBCbKoro CTyaeHTCTBa 
BHcrynHB /JparoMaHOB. Pioro BHCTyn cnpaBHB cnnbHe BpaaceHHa Ha Bcix 
npHcyTrax i rnH6oKo cxBH-noBaB caiworo M.I.IlHporoBa. /JparoMaHOB 
□tnKpecjiHB, mo maJibHicTb ilnporoBa, ochoboio hkoi 6yna noBHa nosara 
Ho :no;u urn, cnpusjia aanpoBaajKeKHio ryMaHHHX npmmiffliB y HaBHajibHHH 
npouec, HajiaroflHteHHio ryMaHHHX crocyrndB Mi* neaaroraMH i vhhhmh. 
Oco6jihbo BejiHKe sHaiemia, Ha jiyuxy .ZJparoMaHOBa, Mano janpOBafl- 
xceHHa b naBiajo>HHX 3aioiajiax noHarra 3aKOHHocTi, poayMuma Toro, mo 
Hanajn.HHK e npe/icTaBmiKOM saKOHy, a He CBaBiiuia. 3aBepuiyK>™ cbw 
BHcryn, /IparoMaHOB aoaaB: "B oOBHHyBaqeHHax, axi BaM BHcyBaioTb -ri, 
xto HepoayMie Bac, e cBoa Hacnca npaBflH. Bh cnpaBfli 6yioi Hajrro ryMaHra. 
Ane Moacna TuibKH no*ajiiTH re cycninbCTBo, b aKOMy rjTuaHHicTb iracojiH 
6yBae 3afiBOK> i cnpHHHHae, nopyi 3 3bkohhok> cboGoaoio, xoia 6 BHnaa,- 
KOBe CBaBijuis! Xi6a cJiia 6oaTHCb eMaHCHnauii ceJiflH nepe3 Te TinbKH, mo 



14 






aexxo iS MO*e HenpaBHUbHO 3po3VMi™... I Bce-TaKH, HKmo 3arajioM Haina 
MOJio^b Tenep Kpame, huk parame, ycBiaoMmia, mo noHjnra cbo6oah 
HeposauibHo noeAHaHe 3 noaaroio ro ce6e i ao unmix, to BOHa ycBiaoMHJia 
ue caMe nin bujihbom MopanbHoro nopsuncy , BcraHOBJienoro BaMii b Haimix 
HaBHaJibHHX 3aKJiaaax" s . Uefi BHcryn, aK imcaB ^paroMaHOB, "HeTuibKH 

BHKJBHKaB IUHpOKHH pe30H8HC, ajie i "nifljnTOBXHyB" B MeHi iHCTHHKTH 

noTrnrari ... a ... 3aiDKaBHBca couiajttHoio 6opoTb6oK> ocraHHix laciB 
pecny6mKH pHMCbKoi. - T.A.] i nossoio xpHCTHaHCTBa, a ni3Hiine i peni- 
riflHOio icxopioo cTapoaaBHboro CBiry" K . 

BasaiHBore nojjjoo y nojiiTHHHOMy aKHrri AparoMaHOBa 6yB i floro 
BHcryn nin n&c nepeBeaeHHS TpVHH 3 npaxoM llIeBHCHKa b YKpsmy. Y cboih 
npoMosi "no nojflTHHHHX ^yMKax HaflpajiHKajibHiinifi 3 ycix Tom aca3aHHx", 
/jparoMaHOB, nirncpecnHBiiiH Beet rarap, skhh na^ae Ha Toro, xto BHcrynae 
3ax«cHHKOM tfrrepeciB Hapo,ny, BiacToioe jnoacbid npasa, cKaiau: "llio b 
Hac KO*eH, xto ft#e cnyHMTH Hapo^y, thm caMHM Hajpa na ce5e TepHOBHfi 
BiHeitb" ". 

Ha (J)opMyBaHHa nojimraHoro cBiToncmy AparoMaHOBa , Ha floro po- 
3yMiHHS HaujoHanbHHx npo6jieM Ta craBJieHHS no HauioHaJibHHX npaB jno- 
jdihh noMiTHO BronrayB noJibCbKHH HauioHajibHo-BH3Boin.HHH pyx. I memo 
JJparoMaHOB posyMiB BOJiejno6Hi nparaeHHS nojisndB i, HaBiTb, cniBHyBas 
im 3K acepTBaM pocificbKoro flecnorajMy me b iacH cBoro nasqaHHS b riMHa- 
3fl, to, HaBiaioHHCb B ymBepcHTeTi, BiH 6yB Bpa*eHHH BincyTHkno b hhx 
noeara no jhoahhm, axa irpoaBJiajiacb y TOMy, mo HaBiTb "cryaeHTH nonaKH 
6'K»Tb cboix cjiyr" . KHHynacb y Bra flparoManoBy fl HaujoHajibHa HerepnH- 
MicTb nojiakiB ctocobho pociflH i, oco6jihbo, yKpaiHUiB 3: - CaMe ua Hauio- 
uaJibHa HerepmiMicTb Ta HeHaBHCTb ao yKpautcbicoro Hapo^y npH3Bejia 
no 1 01 o, mo yKpaiHCbKi cenaHH He tlhmch He nimpHManH nojibCbKoro noB- 
ciaHHH 1863 p., a fl BHCTyroum coK)3HHKaMH pocificbKHX BJiacreft y floro 
mKBLaami Ta npii^jTueHHi. He Mir mnrpHMara floro i ^paroMaHOB, hkhS 
posyMiB peaKixiftHicTb noubCbKHX ruiaHiB ctocobho yicpaiHCbKHX 3eMejn> 
ra >TqpaiHcbKoro Hapoay. U,efl ypoK nojn>cbKoro noBCTaHHS nepexoHaB 
AparoMaHOBa b HejionycTHMocTi posnaiooBaHHS HauioHaJibHOi BopoacHe 1 !!, 
Heo6xi,nHocTi TojiepaHTHoro CTaBJieHHS no Bcix Hauifl. CaMe KpHTmca 
HauioHajibHoi HerepmiMOCTi ctocobho cycijmix HapoaiB, po3yMiHH« 6e3- 
nepcneKTHBHocTi TaKot no3Huii jihtjih b ochobv HH3KH ni3Hinmx npairb 
AparoMaHOBa, nj)HCBiiMeHHX HauioHajibHHM HHTaHHHM, a TaKoac floro cyne- 
penoK i3 pi3HHMH yKpaiHCbKHMH noiriTHHHHMH wnami. 

Yace b cryneHTCbKi poKH AparoMaHOB 3aflHaB lincy no3Huuo ( axa hojih- 
ra.'ia b po3yMiHHi, mo TiJibKH opraraiHe nocanaHHa aocarneHb imiiHx 



15 






HapOJDB 3 yKpaiHCbKHMH HaUlOHaJlbHHMH OC06HHBOCT«MH Ta iCTOpHHHHMH 

TpajnmiHMH HaSGintm noBHo cnpHSTHMe ayxoBHOMy Ta nojnnraHoMy 3po- 
craHHio Haioi. Ajie caMe y 3B's3Ky 3 nojibctKHM noBcraHHJiM "cxajioca, — 
hk name AparoMaHOB, — mocb Taice, mo MOHcn™eTirn>KHB Pocii. PeaKuio- 
Hepn i aepacaBHi ueHTpajricTH, opraHOM hkhx crajiH "Mockobckhc Beao- 
mocth" KancoBa, BoioioqH 3 noJiHKaMH, Hanajm i Ha yicpaiHiiiB, B6aHaK>HH 
b ix CTpeMiriHHSx HaBirb ihcto nrrepaTyproix, cenapara3M, i nporonocHJiH 
bcci> yKpaiHCbKHH pyx cnpaBoio nojn>cbKoiiHTpHrH. Ypan HaxasaB 3a6opo- 
HHTH apyKyBamia yicpaiHCbKoio mobom khht ayxoBHHX (noHHHaioHH bja 
GsaHrejiifl), a TaKoac nonyjrapHO-HayKOBHX Ta neaaroriraHx" *. /^paroMa- 
hob, He MHpaiHCb 3 TaKHM nopyineHHHM CBo6oaH cjioBa, 3anponoHyBaB 
rpoMaaiBiwM, 3 hkhmh bih roTysaB ao BHnycKy nonyaapHi khhjkkh ws 
napoay, nepeHecTH ixhc BHaaBHHHTBO b rajuraHHy. npoxe rpoMaaiBui Ha 
TaKy npono3Hujio He noroanjiHCb i "BianoBiaajiH, mo to 6h Tinbico apa»c- 
hhjio ypaa, KOTpHHTenep TiJibKH Ha iac 3aaep»caB, a He 3a6opoHHB yiepaiH- 
CbKi BHflaHHS" M . Ha Tofi lac iepe3 hh3K\ o6craBHH /JparoMaHOB He 3Mir 
caM btijihth cboio npono3HuJH) b jKHTTa, npoxe inea opraHioyBaTH BHaas- 
hhutbo yKpaiHCbKoi" JiirepaTypH 3 a MexcaMH Pocificbicoi iMnepii 3Hamnjia 
cboc BTtneHHSi y aeireBCbKifi 'Tpoiaaai". 

y*eHa noiaTKy cBoei mTepaTypHoiTa HayKOBoiaumbHocri Jlparoua- 
HOBy aoBenocb nepeKOHaTHCH, "ak He 3BHKJia nySjiuca b Pocii ao o6'eKTHB- 
Hocxi i ao BcaKoro poay ooiaaHHX imTaHb Ta CKJiaaHHX (popMyn" 35 , i 
ynpoaoBHc yciei noaajtbinoiauuibHOCTi HOMyaoBoamiocb 6opoTHcs 3a cbo- 
6oay cnoBa i CBo6oay ayMKH, npoTH iHTeneiayajibHoi Ta namona.n,noi 
oSMesceHocri, CTepeoTHniB Ta aorMara3My. Ilpo mo 6opoTh6y bjh 13 ripKO- 
Toro imcaB B ootomv 3i cBoix jmcriB ao "CTapoi rpoMaan": "Si sasme 
npoacHB trk, mo MeHe, no MemniH Mipi, 3 asox 6okib Jiasjm i naurn, Taxe 
caM co6i rrpaBmio BiipooiiB, mo HKmo-He6yab Hanmny Taxe, mo naMTb 
ttjd>kh 3 oaHoro 6oKy, to BBaxcaio 3a aiJio HeBaJnnre" *. Tax, y»ce nepini 
icTopOTHi npaui AparoMaHoBa "iMnepaTop Ti6epiH 1 ', "Ilpo cTaHOBHme 
hohkh b nepinoMy CTOJihTi PHMCbKoi iMnepii", a ocoSjdibo ftoro MaricTep- 
cbKa aHcepTauia "nHTaHHH npo icToptpnie 3Ha«eHH« PHMCbKoi' iMnepii i 
TauiT", 6vjih niaaam KpHTHui ax 3 6oxy Jii6epajibHo HacTpoeHoi qacnnra 
HayKOBiBB — 3a TBepasceHHH, mo MOHapxia 6yna 6uibiu nporpecHBHa nopiB- 
hhho 3 pecnySjDKOK) b pHMi, Tax i 3 6okv KOHcepBaTopiB — 3a aKueHTy- 
Bamia yBara na npo6jieMi piBHonpaB'n adnoK Ta BiaKHaaHHa ycrajieHHx 
norasaiB Ha pHMCbxy icTopiio. 

ycBiaoMjnoioqH Bejnnce 3HaieHHa rpOMaacbKoi ayMKH b 6opoTb6i 3a 
npaBa jnoaHHH i toh Branm, skkh Mac Ha rpoMaacwcy ayMKy npeca, 



16 






,HparoMaHOB, nopaa 3 nayKOBOH) Ta BHKnaaam>KOK> po6oTOK), noHHHae 
rkthbho cniBnpamoBaTH b aBTopnTCTHOMj' Ha toh nac BnnaHHi "C.-nerep- 
6yprcKHe BeaoMOCTH", peaaicropoM aKoro 6yB €. <&. Kopm. Y cboix crarrax 
"3eMCTBO i MicueBHH eneMeHT b HaBiaHHi", "Ilpo neaaroriTOe 3HaieHHa 
MaJiopociHCbKoi mobh" Ta in. flparoMaHOB BiacToioe npaso BHKJiaaaHHa 
VKpaiHCbKOK) moboio \ uiKOJiax YKpaiHH, BHCTynae 3a po3bhtok 

WCpaiHCbKOl KyjIBTVpH ] HayKH, CTBOpeHHfl HaJieXHHX yMOB flJIS p03BHTKV 

yKpaiHCbKoi JiiTepaTypH. Tpoxn ni3Hune CTaTri .UparoMaHOBa noiHHaiOTb 
a'aBJiaraca b HcypHairi "Bccthhk EBponbi", y JibBiBCbKift "IIpaBai". 

Akthbho BHCTynaroHH b 3arajn>HopociiicbKHx apyKOBamix opraHax, 
,HparoMaHOB nparuyB He TibibKH aoBecTH ao BiaoMa mnpoKoi rpoMaa- 
cbKocri npaB^HBy iHcJiopMauiio npo YKpaiHy, iii MOBy Ta KyjibTypy, ajie 
HaBiTb y thx By3bKHx MejKax, ski aosBOJiaaa pociHcbica ueH3ypa, bib 60- 
poTb6y 3a npaBa Ta CBo6oaH jdojihhm. 3oKpeMa, b uefi nac /{paroMaHOB 
BeJiHKy ysan' npmjjJisiG "yicpaiHChKOMy neaaroriiHOMy nHTaHHK)": 3anpo- 
BaiDKeHHH) b uncoiri yKpaiHCbKoi mobh Ta JiiTepaTypH, yKpaiHCbKoi mobh 
BHKJiaaaHHa; kphthib pycHtpiicaTopcbKoi, aHTimeaaroriqHoi uncuibHoi 
aaMiHicTpauii KniBCbKoro ynSoBoro oicpyry Ta MiHicrepcTBa ocbIth. 3a ui 
BHcrynH .UparoMaHOBa 3BHHyBairyi0Tb y eenaparasMi h, HaBiTb, y 3B'a3Kax 
3 KapaK030BHM, 5ikhh CTpijMB y uapfl 37 . /JparoMaHOB noTpaiuwe nia 
nocTiHHHH Haraaa, skhh He npHnnHsroca B*e no caMoro BHnay 3a KOpaon. 
AJie 3arp03a moscjihbhx penpecin He tuimch He 3JiaKana J^paroMaHOBa, a, 
HaBnaKH, cTana nouiTOBXOM ao rjm6oKoro Ta Bce6iiHoro bhbhchhs 
yKpaiHCbKoi npo6jieMH. a, BoaHonac, i npo6iieMH npaB Ta CBoSoaJnoaHHH, 
npHBejia fioro ao TBepaoi nepeKOHaHocTi y Hepo3pHBHOCTi 3B'H3Ky 
HauioHajn>HHX, nojDTHHHHXTa KyabTypHHxnpaB icBo6oaJnoaHHH. "3 1865 
pOKy a, noiHTaH oaHH, He nepecraBaB rmcaTH b Pocii, mo, mobjdjb, e i 
MycHTb 6vth yKpaiHCbKa itiTepaTypa i imcojia, mo 33BeaeHa 6iJibiH ycboro 
3a mogio uauiaTHBOKJ erHorpa<piHHa BHaaBHHHa KOMicifnca e Tenep caHHe 
b Pocii 3opraHi30BaHe yicpaiHO(})iabcbKe TOBapHCTBO " B , — imcaB aeino 
ni3Hiine JJparoMaHOB b oaHOMy 3i cboix HHCTiB. 

BmaiaaaioHH saranbHy icTopiio Ha icTopHKO-<piJiojiormHOMy (jiaKyjib- 
xeri KniBCbKoro ymBepcuTery, ^paroMaHOB nocriftHO npoBoaHB y cboix 
JieKHiax iaero npaB jnoaHHH jbc oaHy 3 ochob cycniJibHoro nporpecy. O.Py- 
cob, hkhh 6yB cryaeHTOM y nacn BHKJiaaauBKOi aiaJibHocri .DparoManoBa, 
sraayBaB, mo, aryxaioHH "floro Jieiooi, mh aHByBajincb TOMy o6'eKTHBi3My 
i Tift TBepaJft Jioriui, 3 aKHMH BiH aoBoaHB, mo npH eBOjnouii y bchkhx 
CTopoHax JKHTTa jnoaefi, npn bkhx 6h o6craBHHax, Hepes koto i nepe3 mo 
Hepo3raHpioBajfflca b Tift a6o apyrift 3eMjn npaBa ocooh Ha Simmy lacnnry 



17 



jnoaefi Toro hh apyroro Kpaio, Toro mi apyroro BHcy, Toro hh apyroro 
Hapoay, — to thm o6cTaBHHaM i thm jnoaaM mh noBHHHi aaxysaTH 3a 
TaKHfl xia icTopu" J9 . y cboiS JieKuii na npaBO BHKJiaaaima B VHiBepcHTeri 
"iMnepaTop Ti6epiii" /JparoMaHOB micaB: "Bin (Ti6epift) rosopHB, mo y 
Bun>Hifi aepacaBi i cjiobo, i ayMKa noBHHHi 6yTH slabm"*, uhm caMHM nepe- 
koiuihbo noKasaBiim, mo npaEJtiiaia Ti6epis, hkhh b icTopii Tpajmimno 
BBa*aBcfl rrpmcaaaoM aecnoxH3My i cBasiaas, 6yjio 6iahin 38kohhhm i 
ryMaHHHM, m»c npaBJiiHHa pociftcbKHx caMoaepaajiB. 

ITporpecHBHi noraaaH .UparoMaHOBa, fioro nesajieama HayKOBa Ta 
rpoMaasHctKa no3Hiiis, ski npHHecjm fioMy 3acjryaceHHH aBTopHTer i 
noBary cepea cTyaeHTCbKoi Monoai Ta imrejiireHifll, Boanonac He MoraH 
noao6aTHCb Hi ofpiuiHHHM bjiecthm, hj peaKHiflmfi HacTHHi HayKOBuiB. 
Braoncac ycKJiaaHeHHH 3 MaricrepcbKHMH icmrraMH, HayicoBHM BiapaasceH- 
hsm 3a KopaoH, a niaia 3axncT\ aHcepxauii — i3 3aTBepa*eHHaM Ha nocaai 
aoueina. OjmaK /JparoMaHOB npoaoB»;yBaB cbok> HaysoBy po6oTy, 
6opoTb6y 3a VKpaiHCbicy inKoay, aioacbKi npaBa i cbo6oot, BHCTynaioaH 
npora peaioiii, o6cKypaHTH3My, pycH(piKauii. BopoTbGa ua HaGnpaaa 
Haftpi3HOMaHiTHiinHx cpopM. Tax, bhcmuoioih nopamai, aid naHyBanH Ha 
toB qac y KrascbKOMy yq6oBOM\ 0Kpy3i, bih HaimcaB jridpero caTHpnaHoi 
onepH "AHapiaimaaa", MV3HKy ao HKoi'cKJiaB Mracona Jlncemco. Us onepa 
6yrea aoBiiiHH qac Haa3BHHaHHo nonyaapHoio cepea yKpamcbKoi 
iHTejnreHuii KHCBa. ,3k nHcaaa b cboix cnoraaax Cotpia JIiHa<J>opc, 
"HacTenbKO sraayioTb SvBaao rpoMaaaHH, hk jhoto nepecjnaye BJiaaa Hamy 
MOBy, Haun KynbT\py, Ta h 3a»cypaTbca, aa; ocb ^KirreubKHH a6o Pvcob 
3acniBaioTb KOTpecb cojio 3 "AnapiainiaHH" H ycMiimca 3HOBy BepTaeTbca 
Ha 3aacypeHi oQim^mt Haiimx rpoMaaan" 41 . 

OaepacaBmH cryniHb Maricrpa 1870 p., .UparoMaHOB 6vb oSpaHrai 
Pafloio VHiBepcirreTy urraTHHM aoueHTOM, npoTe ue piineHHa Paan He 63710 
3axBepaaceHe. B pe3yjn,TaTi .UparoMaHoB, BHixaBUiH 3 a KopaoH Ha CTaacy- 
BaHHa b yHiBepcHTexax GBporm, oipHMaB 3HaiHo MemnerpoineH, mm 3bh- 
Hafino BnaaBajiocb mojiojihm BqeHHM, «khx nocHJiajn-i Ha CTaacyBaHHa 4: . 

riepe63 r BaHHa 3a KopaoHOM, soce TpHBano Maftace Tpn poKH, Majio 
Haa3BHHaftHO BejiHKe 3HaneHHa aaa CBiTorjraaj /IparoMaHOBa 3ara;ioM Ti 
aaa fioro npasoBHx nornaaJB 30KpeMa. BiH BHBHae aocHraeHHa espo- 
neiicbKoi icropH^moi" Hay™, opraHi3auuo HaBiaHHS y noHaTKOBHx ubcoiu 
nojrixHiHe craHOBHme, 3aKOHoaaBne peryjuoBaHHS pi3HHx cycninbHiix 
BiaHocHH, 30KpeMa npaB Ta CBo6oa moaHHH. J^paroMaHOB po3yMiB, mo 
ayace Baaaco BCTHrm'ra bmb^hth Bee, mo iioro uiKaBHTb, npoTe HeBmnnio 
npauioBaB y pi3HHX HanpHMax. niaKpecjnoioHH bcio cKnaaHfcTb 3aBaaHHa, 



li 



hkc BiH nepea coSoro nocraBHB, JJparoMaHOB rmcaB b oaHOMy 31 cboix 
jihctIb, B»ce mens noBepHeisw ao KneBa: "B3arajii * cjia6ica cropoHa Mod 
nobflKH — ue HajpBireafiHa pi3Ho- MamTmcTb npeaMeriB, Ha sad a 3BepTaB 
yBary. Biiinaio ce6e thm, mo h 3aioiaB co6i (jjyHaaMeHTH aaa 6aran.ox 
po6iT — ajie He po3pymHJin 6h aonii iacy Hi cpyitaaMeHTH, nepm Hi* 6yae 
36yaoBaHa cnopyaa" 43 . 

3HaHOMCTBo 3 GBponoK y /JparoMaHOBa nonaaocb 3 BapmaBH, FIosHaHi 
Ta EepJiiHa, as BiH 3ynnHHBc» Ha BiciM MicsmjB. Fojiobhhm nHTaHHHM, jnce 
HaR6JJibme itiKaBHno y Hen nepioa JparoMaHOBa, 6yno nopymeHHS 
HauiOHajibHHX npaB cnoB'sHCbKHX HapoaiB 3 6oKy HiMeiHHHH Ta Pocii. 
CnocrepeaceHHJiTa bhchobkh m,oro nepioay 3Hanmjm CBocBia,o6pa)KeHHa 
b po6oTi "Cxiana nojriTHKa HiMeHHHHH Ta o6pyciHHs", ony&jnKOBamH y 
nepiniH nojioBmri 1 872 p. B scypHajii "BecrHHK EBponw". IlepeSyBaioHH b 
HiMe^HMHi, JparoMaHoB 6yB Bpa*eHHH nyxoM HaujoHajibHoi neHaBHcri 
ra HeTepHHMOcri, jhchh nam'BaB y TOfluimiH GBponi, B jmcri ao CBoro 
TOBapmna M. M. LUyiEbaceHKa Bia 21 ci<nw 1871 p. bih raicaB: "Hac i3 
HiMUHMii po3aiJiHr puca nacy — pacoBa HenaBiicTb ... CBpona BcrynHJia b 
nepioa TaKoi HeHaBHcxi ... HiMHi B*e mooTb KpoB i «mHjrrb iriaJiocri Ha 
3axoflj. lloBepHyTbcs bohh i Ha cxia ... LU,o 9 tjt HaraoTaBcs raseT, a-yp- 
HamB, 6pomyp ... a ao chx nip aooporo cnosa npo Haci npo caoB'an B3arajri 
He sycrpiB". Y Ubowy w aHcri flparoManoB aoxoaHTb bhchobkj', hkhh 
nnnime inafiae cbih po3bhtok y HH3ui npain> 3 HanionaabHoro nHTaHHH: 
"BiaHomeHHfl HiMeutKHX BHerorx ao <ppaHiry3iB i ao Hac He TinbKH cyMHe, 
tom} mo cjocycrbCH HamoiimdpH, ajie i tomv, mo Tenep me y mMtuB toctoi 
HayKii noaiTHKo-MopaabHOi HeMa, 60 hkiho 6 BOHa 6yjia, to BKa3ajia 6 im 
Mem HauioHanbHHX nparHem, i HacmaKH 3HeBara hvxchx npaB i Bysbicoro 
posyMiHHH cboix BHTOfl" **. CaMe TaKa noniTHKO-MopajibHa HayKa hh He 
HaH6ijibme lauiKaBjnoe /JparoMaHOBa. ToMy 3 Ojiopemm BiH Bxce nncaB 
ao O.O.KicTaKiBCbKoro: "Uo aesnaixirpodaxavMaio, mo Hayica nomirniHa 

30BciM He CTOlTb TVT TaK HH3bK0, UK p03Ka3VK)Tb HlMm" *. TaKy HaHJO- 

Ham,m HeTepnHMicTb iJparoMaHOB 3ycTpiiae He TiJibXH cepea npeacraB- 
HHKiB \TpaaoBHX Kiii HiMeqiHHH, a it cepea onosj-mii, paanKanbHHx Ta 
couiajricTHHHiix kIji. y Bxce 3ranyBaHOM> nncTi ao M.M.UIyjitsceHKa 
AparoMaHOB mime: "Hac i TepByc He mam e, a MapKC to tsk He Teprnrrb, 
mo i TepueHa oroaocHB umHryHOM" *•. OcTaHHe flparoMaHoBy, sdchh 
bhcoko taHYBaB TaaaHT TepueHa i noBawaB floro m Sopua 3 pocificbKHM 
caMoaepxcaBCTBOM, 6vjio oco6jihbo HenpHCMHHM. CKeimpmo cTaBHBCfl 
flparoMaHOB i ao aJanbHOCTi I iHTepHauioHajry, skhh. Ha ttoro ayMKV, 
"iMOBipHO, He 6yae npoTecryBaTH, ko.th noHH>Tb apaTH HexiB" "". 



19 



L 



3HaftoMJuraicb i3 poSithhhhm pyxoM, 6oporb6oio 3a coujajibHi npaBa, 
bih qacro 6yBaB Ha 3&opax po6iTHHKiB, ae, hk ni3Hiiiie 3raayBaB, fioro 
Bpaxcarai Tpn peri: HHcroTa oaary po6iTHHidB, ixna HaHHTamcn. i Te, wo 
npo coiriajibHe nHTaHHa roBopan. He Hafi6iaHiini, a Hafi6araTini (i, 3bh- 
Haftno, HaHGi.Tbui ocBinem) po6iTHHKH *. LJi cnocTepejKeHHa me pas 
yraepaHJiH flparoMaHosa y nepeKOHaHHi, mo ocBiTa, npaBo Ha HaBHaHHH 

e TJOO OCHOBOK), Ha JDOH OflHIH TUIbKH i Moace 6a3yBaTHCb CVCnijIBHHH 

nporpec i 6yat>-8Ki no3HTHBHi smihh y cycniJibCTBi. 

BBascaioiH tojiobhhm 3aco6oM 6opoTb6H 3a HaujoHanbHy CBo6oay, 
npaBa Ta CBo6oan jnoamra ocBiry Hapoay, /JparoMaHOB b uefi nac rojioBHe 
saB^aHHa nporpecHBHoi, nepeaoBoi" lacTHHH VKpaiHCbKoro pyxy B6aiac y 
npocBiTHHUbidH Ta Kym>TypHiH jasjibHocTi. B JiHCTi no MeiriTOHa Eynm- 
cbKoro Bia 17.01.1872 p. Bin rmcaB: "Xafi mh cocTaBHMo rpaManncy, 
cjiobhhk, BHaaMO TBopH HapoaHoi noe3iI, BHJiaMO Te, mo BaJiacTbca y pyKo- 
nncax i y IleTep6yp3i, 3po6HMO HHTajn.HHKH a>w Hapoay, xon> i Ha 1/2 
yKpaiHCbKHH (xoTb 6h, ae He Moxcna i no-BeJnncopycbKi, a6H npo YKpaiHy, 
ot hk y CeMeHOBa, a6o y KocroMapoBa), — ne 6yae ocHOBa"* . .Z^paroMaHOB 
6yB npHXHJibHHKOM 3aKOHHHx Ta nocTynoBHx nuiHxiB aocaraeHHa 6yat- 

HKHX npOrpeCHBHHX 3M1H y CyCmJtbCTBi i rOTOBHH 6VB BHKOpHCTOByBaTH 

HaBiTb MiHiManbHi MOJKJiHBOCTi cnpnaHHa, a6o xoia 6 nocna6jieHH$r THCKy 
3 6oKy BJia^H, po3umpeHHK) npaB Ta cso6oa JnoaHHH, npocyBarono Ha 
nuiaxy cycninbHoro nporpecy. I tuimch a6cojnoTHa Biacynacrb mojkjih- 
BOCTen ana TaKoi po6oTH b Pocii 3Myciuia JJparoMaHOBa rayKaTH imiinx 
mnaxiB HanioHajibHoro Ta nomraHHoro bh3bojicjuim yicpaiHCbKoro Hapoay. 
FIpoTe posyMiHHfl pom aepxtaBH y apepi npaB Ta CBo6oa moan™ 6yno 
xapaicrepHHM ana npaBOBHx nomaaiB .KparoMaHOBa Ha bcix eTanax fioro 

MfCHTTCBOrO HDIHXy. 

nepefiyBajEOHH 3a KopaoHOM, .ZJparoMaHOB 6araxo yBara npHawse i npo- 
ojreMi cboCkoti coBicri, BijiHocimaM Misc HepKBOio iaepscaBoio, a TaKO* nnco- 
noio Ta uepKBOK). BiH yBaxcHO Bim i ia< 3apy6ixHHH aocBia oprairoawi no- 
laxKOBoi ocBiTH, 6opoTh6y, atca Ha Tofi iac Toimiaca b HiMeiHHHi 3a ycy- 
HeHHH KOH(J)eciHHoro xapaKTepy Ta pejririfiHoro bhxob8hhh y imcojiax a . 

nepe6yBaioqH y Biam, flparoMaHOB no3HafioMHBca 3 npeacTaBHHKaMH 
nepeflOBoi rajram>Koi iHTerareHuii, 30KpeMa 3 yicpaiHCbKHMH cryaeHTaMH 3 

rajIHHHHH, mo HaBHHJIHCH y BiaHi. 3 HHMH y HbOrO 3aB'a3ajQiCb licm, apv*- 

Hi crocyHKH, aid, monpaBaa, rri3Hime po3BHBajmcb no-pi3HOMy. LJi 3Ha- 
HOMCTBa nocHJHLffl iHTepec 4pai oMaHOBa, hkhh npo6yaHBca,y Hboro me 3 
cepeaHHH 60-xpoitiB, ao ranHHHHH, ao MOStUHBOCTefi, aid Tyr BiaKpHBajracb 
ana po3BHncy yicpaiHCbKoi jriTepaTypn Ta K)'jn>TypH, Tiei poni, axy motjie 



20 



6 BlajrpaTH rajnramia y 3MkiHeHHi Ta p03nmpeHHi yKpaiHCbieoro pyxy. B 
jiHCTiflo MemxoHa EymHCbKoro /IparoMaHOB micas: "%k 6yaeTe nHcaTH, 
ro He 3a6yju>Te po3Ka3ara i npo HOBi rammbKi CTOcyHKH. Ilo raseTax 
nmoro He po36epy; aid npaBa pycbKHM o6iuac MuricxepcxBo, Ha mo 3roa*y- 
K>Tbca nojwKH i ioro BHMaraioTb pycram caMi" S1 . 

Ilq)e6yBaHH« 3a KOpaoHOM, cnocrepesceHHa 3a nojiiTHTHHM hchttsim, 
cniBnpaiia 3 npecoio, npo6jieMH h 3aTBepa»ceHHaM fioro aoueHTCTBa Ta 
nqjcneKTHBa, snca BimcpHBajiacb axa nojirra«nioi ajanbHocri b rammam, 
3MyHTj , ioTb ^paroMaHOBa 3aMHCJiHTHCb, sk mime BiH y jmcriao C.<D.Kic- 
TaidBCbKoro, Haa thm, mo "mojkjihbo, nopa noiara Becra apyry nuriio", 
ociciiibKH noaajBbine nepeGyBaioM Ha aepxcaBHifi cjry)K6i — He idjihx, "Ha 
tocoMy, KpiM BTpara iacy i oco6hcxoi riaHocxi, Hworo Mafiace Bia6yxnca 
He Moace" s . ToMy 3aKOHOMipHoio 6yjia fioro nponosHnja B.HaBpoubicoMy: 
'TliaSepixb xoTb 5-6 cniBpo6iTHHKiB, 3aBeaixb CTporo ono3HuiHHy 
paamcaJibHy ra3ery, — Toai a jramy KiuscbKe npo<j)ecopcTBo — i ao Bac y 

po6iTHHKH, mo6 npHJIOaCHTH CBOK) P>TCy RO p03KHaaHHfl TOFO IHOIO, 1HO 
.litBHTb Ham HapOfl" 53 . IlpOTe 3 paaHKaJIBHHM yKpaiHCbKHM BHJiaHHSM y 

rajmram y xofi lac ni^oro He bhhuijio, i 3aKJiHKH JXpai OMaHOBa ao 
rajmiibKo'i npecn aaBarn "cTaTri npo xe, hk Ham Hapoa oGaypeHO npn 
cMancunami cenaH, hk fioro b Cn6ip xamyxb 3a xe, mo mxyHaHcxaMH 
po6HXbc«, 8K fioMy He cxae rpomefi Ha noaaTKH ... npo noniB, namB, ypaa 
— xa 6epiTb He yce rjm6ine, a He xuibKH xax, mo mobjisb, yce qepe3 ileTpa 
I xa KarepHHy II, Ta mo Cm HeMa" *, — xaK i 3ajmnmjmcfc He3peaai- 
30BaHHMH, a* ao noaBH JKeHeBCbKoi" 'TpoMaaH". 

IHenepe6yBaK)HH y OjiopeHmi", ,HparoMaHOB oaepacaB Bia Cepria Iloao- 
TMHCbKoro nporpainy acypHaay "Bnepea", hkhh ruiaHVBajiocH BHaaBaxH y 
Uiopixy. A B*e nepeSyBaicra b IJiopixy, ,IlparoMaHOB 6aH*He no3Hafio- 
MHBca 3 npeacxaBHHKaMH pi3HHX peBOJnoujfiHHX HanpaMiB, 30KpeMa np«- 
■\n:ibHHKaMH CI. JIaBpoBa, aid 3rypxyBajmcb HaBKOJio Mafi6yxHboro acyp- 
Hairy "Bnepea", xa BaKyniHa, npana aKoro "flepxcaBHicrb i aHapxia" 
BUHULua apyKoM caMe y nets iac i KopHcxysaaacb 3HaiH0K> nonyaapHicTK) 
cepea pocificbKoro CTyaeHTCTBa. 06HaBa ux HanpaMH 6yan HenpHHHaxHi 
aiia JUparoManoBa. HoaiJwioiH yBary BaKymHa ao HauioHanbHoro im- 
TaHHa, flparoMaHos He niaTpHMyBaB fioro ireopyBaHHa pom saicoHy Ta 
aepacaBH hk (popMH 3aicpiirjieHHa Ta rapaHxii npaB jnoaHHH. TaK cbmo, 
ctocobho no3HHii II. JIaBpoBa, /IparoMaHOBy iMnonyBajia noBara ao 
iHaHb, nponaranaa pauioHaai3My i no3HXHBi3My, xapaicxepHa ana xeopii' 
JlaapoBa. BoaHoiac, noBHe iraopyBaHHa HauioHajibHHX npo6xeM, yxmi y 
6iK Kyabxy bcjihkhx HapoaiB, xapaicrepHMH ana HiMeubKoi couiaji-aeMO- 



21 



pcpaTJi, skhh y pociftcbidfi iHrepnpeTauii'cTaB npocroio MOflH(J)iKaiiiao icTO- 
pHHHoro pocificbKoro BenHKoaepxcaBHoro inoBiHbMy Ta uempH3My , 6yjm 
ana .UparoManoua rjm6oKO Bopom. I jdc nijHiiiie micaB BiH y CBoiii aBTo- 
6iorpa<pii, "Ta ft Bsarajn a nepeKOHaBca, mo Bci mo6'a3HOCTi BnepeaisiriB 
ao MeHe noacraoioTbCfl po3paxyincoM, mo npn Moifi me Toai He niaipBamfl 
nonyjiHpHocri b rajniiHHi a 3mox)' noMonrH im y nepeBe3eHHi ix Bum&Hb b 
Pociro. Ufo nepeB03Ky a nocrapaioca im nojiermHTH, a b aajiLini buxhochhh 
piimiB He nyacaTHCL Ta Becra cboio npamo caMOCTiftHo" s , 

3i 3Ha<mo rpyHTOBHiraHM 3H3HHHM CBponeftcbKoro xarrra, cynacHHx 
ftoMy (popM Ta MemoiB nomTHHHoi aisnbHocTi 1 873 p. ^paroMaHOB noBep- 
TaeTbcsao KHesa. 

Ilo aopo3i BiH Ha aesKHfl nac synHHJKTbca y JIbBOBi, ae Bxoawrb y tjchhh 
KOHTaicr 3 yicpaiHCbKOK) iHTejiireHixieio rajraHHHH. JIh nhHiiue sraayBaB caM 
/JparoMaHOB y "Aflcrpo-pycbKHx cnoMHHax", y in>oro bhhhkjio 6araTO 
cynepesox 3 rammbKHMH Hap oaoBUHMH mojio npan jqoakhh, a caMe aoBKona 
npoSaeMH CBoSoaH coBicri Ta 6opon>6H 3 K.iepHKam3MOM y noJirraui i 
jriTepaTVpi Ta ripasa Ha ocBiTy, Heo6xiaHOCii npocBiTH aaa nmpoKHx 
HapojiHHx Mac ax Heo6xinHoi yMOBH coioanbHoro nporpecy *. CaMe Ha 
macraBi HesaJioKHOcri HayKOBHX aocJiia«eHb Bia pejnriHHHx aonn <m 6yab- 
aKHx iaeojiorraotx bhuhbib, nrnpoicoro aocTyny ao HayKOBHX aocjna>KeHb 
Ta aocanieHb HayKH po3po6HB Mnxafijio /IparoMaHOB CTaTyT ToBapHCTBa 
JM-LUeBieHKa. Ajie *sti He naftrojioBHiHioio ana rajirajbKOi yKpaiHCbKoi" iHTem- 
reHiiii ,ZJparoMaHOB BBawaB po6oT> cepea cowh, mnpoice ixhc 3ajryreHHfl 
ao rpoMaacbKoi aiaJibHocn, npo6ya*eHHJi HaujoHanbHoi Ta noniTHHHoi 
CBiaoMocri csiHHCTBa, 3HaHH» Ta po3yMiHHa hhmh thx npaB i CBo6oa, aid 
HaaaBajia aBCTpifia.Ka KoHcrHTyuja. 

y Khcbi ^paroMaHOB sacraB aHa^nie noxtBaBJieHHa yKpaiHCbKoro Hay- 
KOBoro, KynbTypHoro Ta nomTHHHoro pyxy. Akthbho aJ8B He3aaosro nepea 
thm cTBopeHHii nm;ieHH0-3axiaHHH H i.jrnii T PocificbKoro reorpacpiiHoro 
ToBapHCTBa, MOJioat npawoBaJia HaaniaroTOBKoio cjioBtooca, iuiaHyBaBca 
BHnycic nonyjiapHHX khhxcok ana Hapoay. JJparoMaHOB oapasy aKTHBHo 

BKJHOHHBCa B po6oTy. 

OaHas me nepe6yBaK>HH 3a KopaoHOM, ^paroMaHOB aoxoawrb bhchob- 
Ky npo Heo6xiaHicTb 6opoTb6H ne TijibKH sa npaBa Kyjn>TypHi, a ft 3a Hauio- 
tiajibHi, eKoiioMiiHi , nojiiTHHHi Ta couiaxtbHi. Ilpo ue cBiunaTb i npam, Hann- 
cani MHcnHTejieM y ueft nepioa. JJk 3raayBaB oaHH 3 cynacHHKiB JJparoMa- 
HOBa, "saxonaeHO «mTajni ft Toro^acm cTaTTi M. II. y "IleTep6yprcKHx 
BeaoMocrax" i b "BecraHKe EBponbi" ("BocTO'maa nojiHTraca rqiMaHroi"), 
ix ^HTajiH, oSMipKOByBami, ayMKH JUparoManoBa iohphjihch i yiqiaiHCbKe 



22 






cv crriJibCTBO ynepme noniiHaao po3VMrra ran aims HamoHamHoi nomxHKH. 
Ikojih "Cxapa TpoMaaa" mm xpHManaca xepeny MHpHoi <Jujiojioj iqHoi Ta 
KVJibTypHoi npairi, HaBKpyrn ,HparoMaHOBa Hapoci aB rypTOK, mo noayism 
fioro sera ayMKH, Horo nq>ecBOTeHHH, mo 6e3 nojrixHHHoi 6opoTb6n ne 
3flo6yrH YKpaiHi cnpaBJKHboro bhsbojiqhhh" st . 

PoiyMiHHfl HeooxiaHocxi noeflHaHHH KyjibTypHHUbKoi rrpaui w& Hapoay 
i 6opoTb6H 3a ftoro coujantHe Ta HauioHaJibMe BinBoaeHHH cxae ochobqio 
noaajibmoi aiantHocri .UparoMaHOBa. OaHH n aKXHBHHX trreiriB "Cxapoi 
T-pouam" m3Hime roBopiro, mo "3 apyroi nonoBHHH 1873 poKy, kojth 
noBq)HyBca ^paroMaHOB i3-3a KOpaoHy, no^aB 3aiHMaTH b TOBapHCTBi 
miTaHHH coiriaiifeHoro xapaKTepy" a . Ca.Me y new nepioa ^paroMaHOB 
(jjopMyjnoe BiaoMe Kpeao: "PaaHKan, Koxpnii Ha YKpaiHi He npnsnac 
yKpaiHCTBa, ecxb HeaoayMaBinHficH pajTHKan, TaK caMO soc i VKpaiHotpLn, 
KoxpHfl He aoaywaBca no paaracam3My, TxribKH ruioXHH yicpaiHocpiJi" *, — 
jnce po3BHHVB 6iflbin hobho B5Ke nisnime, BrarycKaioHH "TpoMaay", ae bih 
raicaB: "HaM, yKpaiiHnflM, Tpe6a me 3BepHyxH yBary i Ha re, mo Ha BKpaiHi 
i ypsa, i 6oraTHpi He cboi, a TVJK03eMHi, xk i b rajmqHHi, i b yropcbKiii 
Pyci. y Hac ypaa BejiHKopycbKHH, a 6oraxnpi qacoM xcnaH i hojiskh, a 
qacoM. sk xto 3 nainoro Hapoay yKpauicbKoro y nami aoo SoraxHpi noum- 
cTbca, to ft, AHBHCb, 3apa3 ace nepesepHerbca a6o Ha Moocaaa, aoo Ha 
jiaxa, no-MV3KHm>KOMy B»ce cjiobo itpomobhxh ftoMy copoM. A ue B*e awo 
uiaoMe, mo qy>K03eMHe 3anpexB0 i ntix 6e3MipHo sa^qe, atii* cboc, 60 
BJKe, 3BJCHO, hojioboc inBHjDJie CBoeMy Ha Kopncxb 3po6iiTb ( aHiac qysco.My' 
w . FlpoTe y ithx cnpoGax "3jthxh b oaHO paaHKanbCTBo ft yKpamotpinbCT-Bo" 
/IparoNiaHOB 6yB aaJieKuft Bin HKoicb BysbKonapxiHHoi aJsubHocxi. HaBixb 
BiacxoKWo™ HeoSxianocxb nojDXH«raoipo6oxH, iJpanwaHOB htiko aeKaa- 
pye a6cojnoxHy noBary ao npaB JHoaHHH, 3Mory kojkhomv MaKCHMajrbHO 
HHKopHcxoByBaxH cboi 3ai6Hocxi ana narrixHHHoi 6opoxb6n to KynbxypHoi 
npaui, Buxoaaro 3 BJiacHHX nepeKOHaHb i BJiacnoi Boni, lmajKaioTO Henpii- 
nycxHMHM 6\iib-aKHH aHKxax. BoaHoiac Benracy ysary ZlparoManoB npnoi- 
JUf MexoaaM nojrixHHHoi 6opon>6n. TaK, HaaBHicxb KOHcxHxjTrii AaBajia 
3Mory BucysaxH nonixH^Hi niixaHHa, 30KpeMa 6opoxb6n 3a posiUHpeHHS 
nojiixHHHHX, HamoHanbHHX xa coiriajrbHHX npaB jhoakhh, y ranHTHHi y 
npaKXHHHy njiomnHy. B "OaKpHxoMy JiHcxi 3 YKpaiHii ao pcoaKuji "FIpaB- 
mi", joaoi 6vb HanncaraiH 3a npono3Hineio /UparoMaHOBa i ma skhm nianH- 
cajmca npoBiani aiam vKpaiHCbKoro pyxy, pimyne 3acya»:yBaJiacb opien- 
Tairia ranHUbKHX HapofloBuiB Ha ueHXpajTicTCbKi friMeirbid ehjimbh, ma- 
xpnMKV Koracopaaxy, KOH<j?eriHHHX irfldii, KJiepHKaJTi3auiio cycninbHoro 
WHXTH. BoaHonac maKpecaioBajiacb Heo6xiaHicxi> 6opoxb6n 3a piBHicxt 



' 23 



npaB jew bcix HauioHajibHOCTeH, BHpiineHHa Bcix noniTHHHHX i couiaJibHHX 
npoSjieM Ha 3acaaax CBo6oan i HapoaonpaBCTBa B . Oco6jihbo Bejnoce 
jHaneHHa ana po3BHncy yKpaiHCbKoro pyxy b rajnraHHi Majra TpH jihcth 
,/TparoMaHOBa ao peaaKHJi JibBiBCbicoro acypHajiy "^pyr", HanncaHi i 
onyGjikoBaKi b ubOMy xcypHani 1875 Ta 1876 pp. Y uhx jmcTax, nopaa; 3 
npo6JieMaMH mobh, JDTepaTypH, KyjibTypn, Bejimxy yBary npnameHo 
npasaM Ta CBo6oaaM jnoaHHH, Heo6xiaHocri 6opoTb6n 3a ixmo rapaHTO- 
BamcTb ana HaflnDipinHx BepcTB HaceneHHa. BrnxKy 1875 p. ^paroMaHOB 
o6'i3aHB 3HaHHy qacxHHy VKpaiHcbKHX 3eMem>, mo BxoajuiH Ha toh lac no 
cioiaay ABcrpo-yropcbKoI MOHapxii. Ilia iac sycTpiHeii Ta HHCKyciM 13 npefl- 
cTaBHHKaMH rajmubKoi, 6yKOBHHCbKoi' xa 3aKapnaTCbKoi yKpaiHCbKoi 
iHTenireHHJi BiH BKOTpe nepeKonyBaBca He tudjch y BtaevTHoeri ejieMeH- 
TapHHX mofflcbKHX npaB y nrapoKHX Mac HaceneHHa, nonpa HaaBHicTb 
KOHCTHrynii b Kparra, ajie ft y no3Hiai neBHoi lacxHHH JiiaepiB yKpaiHCbKoro 
pyxy b hhx periOHax, 9Ka B6aqajia npHTOHy 3JwaeHHoro craHOBHiHa yKpa- 
iHCbKoro HaceneHHa Hey BiacyTHOcri nojnTHHHHX, HauioHajibHHX, coujajib- 
hhx npaB i CBo6oa, He y BiacyTHOcri BJiacHoi aepacaBHocri, a y "n'aHCTBi i 
iriHHBCTBi XJioniB". 

Tlifl, nac CBod noi3flKH ^paroMaHOB no6yBaB Ha HapoaHOMy Biqi, 
opraHi30B3HOMy b Tajn™, axe nepeKOHajio Horo y HeBMurai rammbKHX 

nOJliTH>IHHX JliaepiB BHKOpHCTOByBaTH HaBJTb Tl KOHCTHTYIUHHi CB06oaH, 

HKi HaaaBa^mcb 3aKOHOM. SLk 3raayBaB /JparoMaHOB, "ypflamiKH Bina 
Po6hjih see, mob HaBMHcne, mo6 Bine hk Moama MeHUie npHHecno Kopncii 
Hapoay. Ilepui ycboro bohh nonajiH npaBHTH HaHTopacecTBeHHi uepKOBHi 
cny»c6H. rpeKOBOCTOim CJryxcoH B3arajri npopaxoBaui Sinbui Ha MOHaxiB, 
amx Ha MHpaH, Ta me Haimix. xonoaHHX KpaiH, ae jnoaHHa MycHTb 6inb- 
me npamoBaTH, Hisc no Cipiax Ta ennrrax. A B»ce ao TaKHx npnroa koh- 
CTHTjTUHHoro xcHrra, aK mIthhth, xi cjiyscGw 30BC1M He maxoaaTb. Ha hhx 
ine HaHMerane 1 -2 roamm, nicjia noro jnoan 30CTaioTbca rojioaHi H hotom- 
JieHi i Mano 3aJ6Hi oryxaxH nojiiTHHHHx opaTopiB" "*. I_(i xa mini BpaxceHHa 
noacHioioTb iHKOJiH Haaro KpmTrme craBJieHHa ^paroMaHOBa ao yKpaiH- 
cbKoro ayxoBeHCTBa b rajiHHHHi. 

Ilo6yBaBmH ma "Jac cboci non^KH i Ha EyKOBHM, i Ha SaKapnaxxi, 
flparoManoB yxBepjmBca y cbocmj' nepeKOHaHHi npo Heo6xiaHicTb Hepo3- 
pHBHoro noeaHamra nojiiTHHHHx, HamoHajibHHx, eKOHOMiHHHX Ta couiajib- 
hhx npaB jnoaHHH. CntnKyBaHHa 3 npeacxaBHHKaMH pi3HHx BepcTB Hace- 
jieHHa b hhx perioHax Syjio naoHHHM npraciaaoM Toro, mo 6y^b-aKa 
3arajn.H0jnoa;cbKa iaea in uiHHicTb Moace naGyTH peanbHoi 3mict> Tun>KH 
Toai, Kojm BOHa Mae HauioHajibHy <popMy. BxacyTaicTb «utkhx Hauio- 



24 



Hajn>HHx opieHTHpiB HeraTHBHO BruiHBae He tuhjch Ha cycnrabcrao, a fi Ha 
caMV jawmHy. HauioHaJitHO 6aHAy»cy jnoaHHy flparoiwaHOB Ha3HBac 
"aroMOM" i niaKpecmoe, mo BeimKa 6ina yicpaiHH y TOMy, mo "b EyKOBmri 
ra h b ycifl liauiiH Kpaim HHMano TaKHx axoMiB, i samyxb bohh, cnoBmoioqH 
xe, mo sejiHTB im rpy6Kfi eroi3M a6o bojm Haia.nbCTBa. EescnopHo, mo 
nai4oHaJii3M juis TaKHx iHAHBiayMiB, HaBixb kojih bih He o6xo,zmTbcH 6e3 
neBHoi aojii raoBim3My, 6y#e aw hhx cryneHeM no Biimoro, no Toro, mo 

BCe-TBKH BOHH CTaHyTb "3Bip«MH ipOMaaCbKHMH", TOBOpHTH CJI0B3MH 

Apicxoxejra" fl [to6to, .iroflbMH. - T.A.]. 

IIpHHUMioiH BejiHKy yBary rajnnHHi, /JpaToManoB BoaHonac npoBa- 
HHTb 3HaiHy po6oxy y KhcbL OcoGjihbo apeKTHBHOK) ftoro abubHicrb 
cxa.ua nicjia Toro, sk rasexa "KHeBCKHH Tejierpa(p" (paRTHHHO cxaaa opra- 
hom "CTapoi TpOMaaH", j]paroMaHOB ny6jiiKye b ujh ra3eTi HH3Ky cxa- 
xefi, npHCBaHeHHx saxncry npas jhcuhhh, 3oicpeMa cbo6oah cjiosa, npasa 
Ha ocBixy Ta ih. BHCTynae ,2Ip ar0MaH0B Ha 3axncx TOBapncTBa "IlpocBi- 
Ta",aKeraJiHHbKiMocKBo4iijn>cbKira3eTH BHflaBajiH3a nponoJibcbKyiHcxH- 
Tyuiio w . Jli6epajn>HO-aeMOKpaTH 1 iHe cnpXMyBaHHfl rasera, 3HaHHa yBara, 
mca b ran npHOTJUtnacb yKpaiHCbKOMy nHTaHino, cnpHHHHHJiH xe, mo nw 

THCKOM ypaflOBHX Ta IHOBiHiCTHqHHX CHJI BJiaCHHK ra3eTH BUIMOBHBCa bw 

cniBirpaui 3 /J.paroManoBHM Ta fioro oaHoayMiWMH. 

PocificbKHM BJiacrsM He cnoaoeajiocb i Te, mo yKpaincbKa cnpasa, HaBiTb 
y hhcto HayKOBHX (popMax, TaKHx hk Apxeo JioriHHHH KOHrpec, mo Bia6yBC« 
y Khcbi, jnjun>HicTb IliBfleHHo-3axijMoro Bixuasmnw PocuiCbKoro reorpa- 
(JjiHHoro TosapHCTBa, — na6Hpaiia nejiam iimpuioi o po3Maxy. B uefl nepioa 
npoBeaeHO apemra yjacHHKiB Tax 3BaHoro xoflJHHH b Hapoa. I Tax caMO, hk 
nojibCbKe noBcraHHH 1 663 p. cxano npHBoaoM mr aHTHyicpaiHCbKHX penpeciH 
xa 3a6opoHH yKpaiHoMOBHHx HayKOBHX, HayKoBo-nonynspHHX xa peairiHHHx 
BnnaHb, Tax MacoBHfi peBojnouiHHHH pyx MOJio&i no boh Pocii" 1874 p. cTaB 
npiiBoaoM 30 hoboi XBHJii penpeciH npora yKpamcbKoro Hapojiy, romHb Ta 
VTHaciB yKpaiHCbKoi Hayiaixa icyjrbxypH. 1, 3BmaHHo, oohhm i3 nepnmx nia 
mo xbhjho noxpanHB MnxaftJio /IparoMaHOB, aBxopnxex jncoro Ha xofi qac 
6yB HaciixbKH bcimkhh, mo BJiacri 6oanHCb MacoBHX CTyaeHTCbKHX BHCTyniB 
■ i iipoTiA-ftiMH \ Bimajjcy 3Bim>HeHHa ftoro 3 ymBepcHxexy hh Kumoch ihuihx 
jiinpeciii mpAO Hboro. Towiy rne<J) JKanaapMiB TloxanoB nncaB 27 cepnHfl 
io75 p KHiBCbtoMV reHepaji-ryDepHaxopy: "ITo noBoay caenaHHoro Mhhh- 
ciepcrBOM HapoflHoro IlpocBemeHHfl pacnopa»ceHHSi k ysojibHeHHio ox 
cxy»:6u/i0HeHxa VHHBepcHxexa CB.BjiaaHMHpa flparoMaHOBa 3a yKpaHHO- 
^HJibOKoe HanpaBJieHHe He cooxBexcxByroinee BHjiaM npaBHTeJibCTBa, 
rocyaapb HMnepaxop Bbicoqaflnie noBejien coH3BOjmxb: yBOJibHeHHe 



25 



flparoMaHOBa ot cxr>ac6bi Hcnojnorrb nocne npeanonaraeMoro b ceM rosy 
Bbicoiaranero Ero HMneparopcKoro BenmecTBa npoesaa qepe3 KneB; 
oraocHxejibHO we ocxaBJieHHH ^paroiviaHOBa na xcHTejibCTBo b Knese, npe- 
aocTaBHTb BamoMy CnaTejibCTBy Bwcnan> cro aaMHHHCTpaTHBHbiM nopaa;- 
kom, ecim npe6biBaHHe ero b tom Kpae npH3HaHo 6yneT BpeaHMM" *\ 

B new nac 6yiia tTBopena KOMicia y cicnajii MiHJcnpa Hapojwoi" ocbIth, Mi- 
Hicrpa BHjTpimmx cnpaB, me<J)a HcaHaapMiB Ta TacMHoro paajoiKa Kbapo- 
Bina OT5tpo3CJiiiyBaHH« moflo yxpaiHCbKoro pyxy Ta bjkhtth 3axo,niB npoTH 
Htoro. Pe3y."ibTaTOM jiiHJibHOCTiuidKOMciiSyjmpeKOMeHiiauuuuiKOM 3a6opo- 
hhth BBe3eHH« Ta ny6jiiKaiDio yicpaiHcbKHX khhjkok, KOpHcryBaHHM VKpaiiH- 
cbKoio mobok) Ha cuem (Ha iinni mobh 6yjio nepeKJiaaeHo, HaBixb, ejiOBa 
yKpaiHCbKHX mceHb, ski BincoiryBaJiHCL y TeaTpi), a TaicojK 33kphth "Khcbckhh 
Tenerpa(p" i npunHHHTH cy6cmiJK>BaHHa rajmubKoi npopocincbKoi ra3erH 
"Cjiobo". MiHJcrepcTBo ocBiTHjricTajiopo3nopaaaceHHH3a6opoHHTHBHKJia- 
nmam y noiaTKOBHX nncojiax 6yzo>-flKHX .ZBicurainiH VKpaiHCbKOK) mobobd, 
BiinynrrH 13 mKiJibHHX 6i6nioTeK khidkkh. nam-icaHi a 60 yKpaiHCbKojo moboio, 
a6o yicpaiHocpijiaMH, 3aMuomi BHHTejnB-yKpaiHoepiiuB Ha pocisH. I, Hapeiirri, 
KOMicis nponoHyBana .TiKBiayBaTH KhJbcbkv rpoMaay i 3acnaTH aesKHX yicpa - 
iHChKHX auras, HacaMnepeji^paroMaHOBa Ta FlaBJia Hy6HHCbKoro. Cjiobom, 
HaMaraHHH napajmyBaxn VKpaiHCbKHjS pyx craBajm 6im>in CHcreMa tjpihhmm 
ra 6e3»:ajibHHMH, huk 3axoan, nepeafSaqeiii BajiyascbKHM iwpicyjiHpoM. OneK- 
canap II, mo BianoiHBaB y HiMeubKoMy MicrenKj' Emc, npHftHSB yci peico- 
Meimaiiu KOMicii, h 18 TpaBHa 1876 p. Ha6yB qHHHOcri EMCbKHH VK33 m . 

Oapasy xc nicnanpohay uapa iepe3 Khib, 7 BepecHa 1 875 p. none™- Tern 
KmBCbKoro yn6oBoro oicpyry sblilhhb .UparoinaHOBa 3 ymBepcHTeTy*. 



* bo.-ioaiimip MiaKoBcbKiifl y cboik tTarri "3uuibHeHHn /bparoM aHoBa 3 Kli'iBCbKoro 
yHiBepcirrery" nmne: "A 7 BepecHH njiai-OH Ahtohobhh fnone<mrejTh Kni'BCbKoro y<i6oBoro 
oicpyry. - T.A ) cnoBicmB reH-ry&epuaTopa, mo bih y*e 3BijibHHB /IpuroMaHOBa sia cnyxrfiit, 
[ 9 BepecHa Ha 3aclnaHHi pajoi yHiBepcHreTy 3aanyxaHO Evjio po3nopnzptceHH}i noneiHTeJU i 
iipniiHirro a.o BHKOHaHHa". ripore, Hi b "YroreepcHTeTCKHX H3Becnuax", ne ny6niKVBajiHCb 
npoTOKojm 3acmans> paflH VHiBepcirrery (shb.: "YHHBepCHTeTcictie H3BecTtui". K., 1875. Nil. 
npoTOKOJiM 3aceaaHnfi CoBera 19 ceHTsSps 1875 r. C. 1-28). Hi b iHiimx imcepenax mh He 
3Haimum nizri-Bep j^eHHS Toro. mo Paaa yHiBepctrrery x<m jocoiocb Mipoio aostymaacsi no m>oro 
3BuibHCHHs Tax i "EHorpa<j>ir4ecKHii cnoBapb npocjwccopoB n npenoflaBaTenefl HMneparopcKoro 
yHHBepcifieTaCB.EiamiMHpa(1834>1884)noj3,p4a.npo4i.B.C.TlKOHHHKOBa".K., 1884.Tajco»; 
BKaayc Ha it, mo ^paroMaHOB "yaoaeH hm InoneiirreneM . - T.A.] ot aojokhocth aoueHTa" 
(c.l 87). He 3rsmyc npo ptmy yHiBepcHrery i caw JparoMaHOB hi b cbo'i'x nHcrax Toro nepioay, 
Hi y nuHimitx cnorajax <ni aBTo6torpaipii. Ha Haiuy a>'mkv. ue cBiaHHTb npo Te, mo BJiacraM 
tV.jio HacTijibKH BaHOQiBO 3Bun>HHTH /IparoMaHOBa, SBaxcaioiit npn ui>omv Ha iioro aBropirrer 
y HayKOBiix Ta c^rvaeHTCbKHX KOiiax, mo 3po6jieHO ue Syjio b axwiHicTpaTHBHOMy nopsuncy, He 
pHsracyjoiH bhhochth ue nHTaHHji Ha miipuie oSroBopeHHa. 



% 



y jracri ao MeraxoHa EyTHHCbKoro 25 Bepecna 1875 p. iJparoMaHOB 
nucaB: "#k nap noixaB, MeHe nommKaB icypaTop i CKasas, mo6 a noaaB b 
oiiCTaBKy, mo Meni Toai Kap'epa He 3aKpHxa (uap Bans Mene TinbKH b 3 
to)KHi vmBepcHTeTH He nycKaTb), a sac MeHe yBOJurn. no 3-My nyHKTy, to a 
He Moacy B»ce nocxynaTH Ha cjry*6y. % BH6paB nocjnjme" 6; . B ujbOMy * 
jiHCTi J3paroMaHOB 3a3HaiaB, mo HacnuncoM po6oTHKOMicii", npH3naqeHoi' 
uapeM ana p03raaay yKpaincbKoro pyxy, craHe kihcul 6yab-aKHM mohcjth- 
boctsm aaa po6o™ Ha KopncTb yicpaiHi: 6opoTb6a 3a npasa momom, 
6j70>-«Ka nporpeciiBHa aiajibmcrb Moace BecTHca tuibkh nturrinbHO. Tyr 
we b aHcri /JparoMaHOB roBopnTb npo MoauiHBicTb eMirpanii aaa npoaoB- 
aceHHs Ta noaanmioro posropTaraia yicpaiHcbKoro BH3BOjn>Horo pyxy. 
OcidJibKH cepea inemB "CTapoi' rpoMaan" ayMKa npo cTBopeHHa Hesajieac- 
Horo yKpaiHCbKoro BRnaHHa, BiabHoro Bin o6Me*em> pociftcbicoi uemypii, 
no6yryBajia B*e aaBHo, HaBtTb y HaHcrrpHaTjmBiini aaa po3BHTKy yicpa'iH- 
cbKoro apyKOBaHoro cnoBa *racH, to Tenep, kojih TaKHX yMOB He 6yno 
Biarajii, 3'aBHJiacb He tuhkh 3Mora, a fl npaKTirma noTpe6a ii'peajroyBaTH. 
A ocidribKH ^paroMaHOB, me nepe6yBaK)«iH b HayKoBoiny BiapaaaceHHi 3a 
KopaoHOM, roTOBHfi 6yB npHcrynHTH ao BHaamia yKpaincbKoro opraHy, 
skhjR 6h Mir BHCBixmoBaTH nirraHHa vKpaiHCbKoi mobh, KyabTvpH, noai- 
thkh, HasiTb BJaMOBHBrnHcb, npH noTpe6i, Bia BHKJiaaam>Koi' po6oth, — 
to BiH, 3a noroa*eHHSM 3i "Crapoio rpoMaaoio", BHpiinye ixbth 3a KopaoH 
3 MeToro 3acHVBaHHa Taxoro Biuamia, I B*ce Ha noHancy 1 876 p. BiH, OTpH- 
MaBuin nacnopT jmx BHi3ay 3a KopaoH "Ha nonroaa no HaynHbiM 3aH»- 
THaM" *, BHi3aHTb b eMirpaniio, ana TpHBaaa ao KiHiyr floro aarrra. Ta 
caMe b eMirpanu Horo npaBosaxncHa aianbmcTb, He o6MesceHa pociftcbKoi 
ueH3ypoio Ta nopaaxaMH, posropHVJiaca Ha noBuy cHJiy. 

Ilpo6jieMa npaa i CBo6oa Jnoamm y nepioa nepe6vBaHHa /JparoMaHo- 
Ba y Khcbi nocrynoBo safoiae Bee Siafeine i Siabiae Micua b rpoMaacbWH 
HiajibHocTi MHcaHTens, 3BepTaeTbca BiH ao Hei i y cboix HayKOBHx npauax. 

TpyHTOBHi (paXOBl CT)'aii 3 aHTHifflO] iCTOpil, 3HaHOMCTBO 3 *IHHHHM 33K0H0- 

aaBCTBOM Ta pisneM po3BHTK> rrpaBOBoi" a\'MKH y Kpamax 3axiaHoi GBponn 
nia iac Matixce TpHpinnoro HayKOBoro BiapaaaceHHa aajm 3Mory flparoMa- 
hobv He TiabKH ocMHcaHTH npo6jieMV npaB i cBo6oa JnoaHHH y KOHTeKcri 
cBiTOBoiicTopii", a H3p03yMiTHTeHaeHUjipo3BHTKy npaBOBoiayMKH 3axia- 
hoi Capoim ctocobho perymoBaHHa nhoro npaBOBoro iHCTHTyry, fioro 
pojri Ta 3Ha«ieHHa aaa po3BHTK\ KO*Hoi' aioaHHH, Hapoay, aioacbKoro cyc- 
nLuBCTBa 3araJioM. Ilo»niHa]OHH 3 bhct>thb na 33xhct npaBa BtnoiaaaHHa 
VKpauicbKoio mobok) v noaancosHx KJiacax bhkjiiohho 3 neaaroriHHHX 
MipKyBaHb^ nia KiHein. KwiBCbKoro nepioay CBoro acHTTa i TBopiocTi 



'27 



.UparoMaHOB Roxojom, posyMiHHa B3aeMonoB'a3aHOCTi i B3aeM03yMOB- 
jieHocri Bcix npaB Ta cbo6oh, momam — eKOHoMiiHHX, noJiiTHHHHX, coui- 
aJibHiix, nauionajibHHX, KyJibTypHHX — i HeoSxianocTi 6opoTb6H 3a 
laKonoaaBHe 3aKpinjieHH» Bcix npaB, pom Ta sHaieHHfl aepxcaBH b rapaHTy- 
Bamd Ta 3axHcri npaB i cbo6oa mojaam. CaMe ni oGctbbhhh cnoHyicajiH 
/IparoMaHOBa BiaMOBHTHCb sia nponosmuM nepeitsay Ha BHKJiajianbKy 
poSoTy B HKHHCb iHinrai ymBepcHTeT, hkhh 6h 3Haxo,aHBCs no3a YKpaiHoio, 
h noKHHym Mead PocincbKoi iMnepii. 



3. /JaJlCKO BU( 6aTbKiBQlHHH 






EMirpyioHH 3a KopaoH, .UparoMaHOB MaB aopyieHHa Bia KniBCbicoi 
rpoMajm opraHi3yBaTH BHaaHHs oprany, hkhh 6h penpeseHTyBBB "Birch ne 
yKpaiiHCbKe cjiobo". .Hk nncaB y jmcri ao JJparoMaHOBa o^hh i3 inemB 
KniBCbKoi rpoMafln: "BaM BHnajia aojia oco6nHBa: a 6 waxasca TaKoro 
BHcoKoro ywny, TaKoro Basocoro yainy: bih 6h MeHe posaaBHB ... BaM 
VKpaiHa nosipHJia aymy cboio. .fl He 6ok>cx 3a YKpaiHy: Bh yKpaiHeub (a 
He Mfciiopoe!!!), bh HaH6inbui y Hac 3aKyraTyBajm npaB, ! tn mockobcbkoi, bh 
spoay He niUMHJiH ce6e thm, mo6 oa6HpaTH CBo6oay, oa MajibCTBa 6opo- 
jracb bh, aoGyBaHym Tiof CBo6oflB. ^ecrb bbm!" m . 

Bepy^HCb 3a BnaaHHa BLnbHoro HeniaueHsypnoro yKpaiHCbKoro opra- 
Hy , flparoinaHOB npamyB "nepm 3a ace aara jncHaH6Lnbuie MaTepiajry ana 
BHBieHHa yKpaiHH i u Hapoay, fioro KyabTypHHX noiHHaHb i nparHera, ao 
cbo6ojh i piBHocri; 2) sk uhm MarcepiajioM, Tax i BHKJiaaoM laxiaHoeBpo- 
neUcbKHX m6epajibHHX i couiajihHO-aeMOKpaTHHHHX iaeii cnpnaTH opram- 
sauu b yxpaiHCbKHX 3eMJiax y Pocii i ABcrpii nojitTHHHHx rypTKiB, aid 6 
b jajuicb 3a jBiJibHeHHa Hapoay KynbiypHe, noJrinraHe i couiajibHe" n . 

Or*;e, npaB03axHCHa aifliEbHicTb, opraimania npaKTH«moi 6opoTb6H 
3a npasa jho,thhh, TeoperaHHe o6rpyHTyBaHHfl Heo6xiaH0cri Ta Baxura- 
Bocri aas cycnuibHoro po3BHTKy HaaBHocri i rapaHTOBaHocri npaB Ta 
cBo6ofl jnoflHHH, po3rji»,api3HHX acneKTiB uidnpo6jieMH cxaHOBHTb 3HanHy 
qacxHHy cyciDmHo-nomTHimoi, nyGmuHcraHHOi Ta HayicoBoi aisJibHocTi 
MiixafLia /(paroMaHOBa y nepioa eMirpauii. 

CaM BHna 3a KopaoH 6yB ana flparoMaHOBa BHMymeHHM i, no cyri, 
HiHHM imnHM, hk rpy&HM o6Me»ceHHaM ftoro npasa Ha Bn6ip Micua npoxn- 
BaHHfl. AparoMaHOB, BHixcawaioHH, cnoaJBaBca 3a nepmoi jk 3Mora noBep- 
HyrHCb w KneBa, poayMiiOHH, mo 6yju>-aKa aiflabmcTb juis yKpaiHCbKoro 
Hapoay, y t.i. i 6opon,6a 3a npasa jnoflHHH, b eMirpauii 6yae 3HaqHO 



Zt 









VTpyflHeHa, ocidJibKH nocraBajia npofiJieMa 3 pcnnoBaoasceHHHM MaTepi- 
aay, BKmaHoro 3a KopaoHOM, cepeayKpaiHCbKoro Hapoay, He 6yjio mohcjih- 
Bocri onepaTHBHoro pearyBaHHS Ha 3Jio6oaeHHi noaii. Ajic Toaumw pociH- 
cwca WHcmcTb He sajramana BH6opy. BoaHoqac, eMirpaina aaJia 3Mory 
/IparoMaHOBy Suibine yBara npHjrinHTH caMe nojriTHHHHM Ta HaiaonaTb- 
hhm acneicraM y 6opoTb6i 3a npaBa momnm. M. rpymeBCbKHft, po3rJisaa- 
kphh eMupauiHHHH nepioa >khtth i TBopqocri /JparoManoBa, maKpeanoBaB: 
"Mum cTaB /JparoMaHOB b icropii yKpaiHCtKoro BiapoaKeHHii, BiH craB 
3aBaaKH cifi rpoMaacbxifi Midi 3a KopaoHOM, mo 3acyaiDia fioro Ha ripKe 
eMirpaHTCbKe schtth — ane 3apa30M nocraBHJia fioro b cneuiaJibHo KopHCHi 
3 aeaKHx norjiflfliB i sapa30M HaaiBH^afiHo BianoBiaamm nojriTHHHo- 
rpoMaacbKi o6ct3bhhh. BH3B0jrana fioro 3-nia thckv uapcbKoro peacuMy, 
3 MicaeBoi 6yaeHmHHH i KpyxatiBivtHH, 3-nia HeH3ypHoi e3onoBimfflH, 
npH3HaqHBirai Ha no3mtiio BianoBiaaJTbHoro npeacraBHrnca BCboro nociy- 
noBoro yKpaiHCbKoro jkhtth nepeflKynbTypHHM cbItom. BuHecna Ha ctbho- 
Brane, mo 3MyinyBajio fioro npoTsroM uijioro psay jdt HanpysKyBa™ bck> 
cbok) eHepriio i Bci 33co6h cBoro iHTeneicry, b6h HaraayBaTH nmpoKOMy 
KyubxypHOMy cBiTOBi b HafiTeMHinty ao6y yKpaiHCbKoro hchtth, mo 
YK-paiHa JKHBe, He BMepua — i He BMpe, He3BaxeaK>iH Ha bci uapcbid rHo6H- 
TenbCTBa i npocKpHnuii. 3acyanna fioro npHHMaTH Ha ce6e yaapn, iHCH- 
Hyauii i 3HyinaHHS, 3BepneHi npora cei 'tipocKpH6oBaHoi yicpaiHH", Bia&H- 
BaTH ix i BianoBiaaTH aoKa3aMH i BHSBawH no3HTHBHHx, nocTynoBHX 
3arajibHOBapTicHHx npracMeT yKpaiHCbKoro pyxy. Haa VKpaiHCbKHM see 
jkhtthm, b cio Tajtocy, 3aaymjiHBy, aeMopajri3aHjfiHy nopy nocTaBHJia 
rpoMaacbicy KOHTpojno oixei BceyKpaiHCbKoi 3arpaHHHHoi eKcno3HTypn 
— Jlpai oMaHOBa i fioro rypTOK, mo BHTHTJia yKpaiHCTBo 3 MamBuiB npoBiH- 
uiiuii3My i onopTyHi3M>, na mnpoid mnaxH CBiTosoro KvnbTypHoro pyxy i 
3MyrnyBajia opiarryBaTHCb Ha nepcneKTHBH 3arajn.Horo nojriTH^Horo i 
couianbHoro BHJBOJieHHS... Micia .UparoMaHOBa 3po6naa 3 Cboro nonway 
enoxy B yicpaiHCbKOMy xcHTTi" ". 

nocejiHBinHCb, jdc cnonancy i nnaHyBajiocb, y Biani, .flparoMaHOB ao- 
CHTb ureHaKO nepeKOHaBCJi, mo iHHHa B ABCTpo-yropmHHi KOHCTHTyuiH 
He aae 3mofh ana noBHouiHHoro (pVHKHjOHyBaHHs i po3BHncy yKpaificbKoi 
BHflaBHHHoi cnpaBH, a xaKoac y TOMy, mo aBCTpificbKi BJiacTi acoaHoio Mipoio 
He 3auiKaBJieHi b po3ropTaHHi b JMnepii' yKpaiHCbKoro nojrmpiHoro pyxy, 
Ta me fi 30pieHTOBaHoro Ha Hafiumpini BepcxBH yKpaiHCbKoro HacejieHHS. 
nicjw Toro, sk BlseHCbKoio npoKypaTypoK) 6yna 3a6opoHeHa 6pourypa 
"FtpaBaHBe cjiobo" i npOTH u BHaaBHH OcTana Tepnem>Koro Ta BJiacronca 
apyKapni, ae in 6yjio BiaupvKOBaHo, ftiad KoBaqa 6yJio posnoiaTo cyaoBHfi 



8 



npou.ec, /JparoMaHOB BHpiirorB nepeixaTH ao 5Keneim. IlpoTe, me nepe6y- 
BaioiH y BiaHi, flparoMaHOB pomommae cboio npaBosaxHCHy m%m>mcrh. 
TaK, caMe jaB;uiKH flparoMaHOBy mnpoKa eBponeftcbiea rpoMaacbicicTb 
6yna 03HaiiOMJieHa 3 Emci>khm yicasoM, xkhh bih ony6mKyBaB y cboih 
6poraypi "Flo Bonpocy o Majiopyccicofi nHTepaType", ae nuoqpecjnoBaB, 
mo uefi yxa3, jdchm 3'hbhbc3 y qacH, kojih cruibKH roBOpHTbca npo BH3- 
BOJibHy Miciio Potii ctocobho chob'hh, HaoiHo noKasye cnpaBaouo cyn> 
iMnepcbKoi' nomiTOCH pocificbKoro caMoaep»caBcrBa 7: . KpiM Hid 6pomypH, 
/^paroManoB ny6jmcye CTarci Ha mo % xeMy b 3apy6iacHHX riepioaHHHHX 
BiuiaHHsx n , Beamce 3HaieHHS jvm saxHcry vKpaiHCbKoi KyjByrypH, una 
03HaH0MJieHHS cBiTOBoi rpoMaacbKocri 3 »caxjiHBHM cTaHOBHmeM yKpaiH- 
cbKoro Hapoay y cioiaai PocificbKoi iMnepii' Majia j aonoBiab, sncy ^paroMa- 
hob niaroTyBaB Ha mTepaTypHHfi KOHrpec, mo Bia6yBcs y napHxti y TpaBHi 
1878 p. /tparoManoB HarmcaB ii {ppamrysbKoio moboio i BnnaB oicpeMoio 
SpoinypoK) B ^CeHeai, IloTiM bohb 6yna nepeKJiaflena lUMeiibKoio, iTaaiH- 
cbKoio Ta cep6cbKOK> MOBaMH, a TaKo* xoro jk poxy y JlbBOBi BHflnoia 
yicpaiHcbKoio moboio. ^onoBijib, jnca tchc Micnixta TaccT yxa3y, flparoMaHOB 
HaaJcnaB npe3HaeHTOBi mTepaTypnoro KOHrpecy — <} , P a HiJy 3 * >K0M y imcb- 
MeHHHKy Biicropy Tioro — 3 jihctom, b jncoMy, 30KpeMa, niicaB: "CnpaBa, 
iocy a 3axHmaio i jjra hkoi cmuo npocHTH Bainoi aonoMorn, e cnpaBoio 
BOJii i fleMOKpaiii*" 74 . JJonoBiab ,/^paroMaHOBa 6yjia po3aaHa ynacHHicaM 
KOHrpecy, a BH3H3HHHH potiHcbKHH nHcbMeiuooc I.C.TypreHeB, mo 6yB 
Biue-npe3HfleHTOM KOHrpecy, y cbocmv BHCTyni Koponco nepeaaB smict 
aonoBuo. TaKHM ihhom, npoTecx UparoMaHosa rrpoTH neproBoi" cnpo6H 
pycH«piKyBaTH YKpaiHy npojiyHaB Ha bcio CBpony. BaxuiHBicTb m>oro 
BHcryny flparoinaHOBa nonarae, tojiobhoi, y TOMy , mo bih He TinbKH 03Ha- 

HOMHB CBlTOBy rpoMaaCbKiCTb 13 HUM "HeHyBaHHM 1 HeHMOBipHHM" JIJIS. 

iiniu.n umaunx aepxcaB aKTOM, aJie H HayKOBo aosiB, mo yKpaiHCbica MOBa, 
jriTepaTypa, icropia e opiiriHajibHHMH, caMoSyTHiMH i caMOcrittHHMH. Caia 
3a3HaiHTH, mo o<piuiHHO m EMCbKHfi yxas, hi nonepeaHifi BajiyeBCbKHti 
UHpKVJiHp B Potii He 6ynH ony6jrucoBaHi, HeMa ix i y "CBoae 3aKOH0B 

PoCCHHCKOH HMnepHH". 

^paroMaHOB He oGmokhbch niTepaTypHHMH Ta mobhhmh npo6neMa- 
mh: aonaioHH UHpopMauiHHy 6jioicaay, BcraHosjieHy iMnepcbKHMH hhhhh- 
KaMH ctocobho yKpaiHH, S icTopii Ta Hapoay, bih noHHHae CHcreMaTHHHe 
o3HafioMJieHHs eBponeficbKoi rpoMaacbKOCTi ra HayxoBHX Kin i3 npaBaH- 
boh), Hec<paJn.cH<JriKOBaHoio iH(popMauieio. y cboix npausx 3 yKpaiHCbKHX 
npoSneM .ZlparoMaHOB nocTifiHo nurKpecjnoBaB, mo "icTopis YKpaiHH 
xapaKTepHsyerbca >MaranH»M ao iHCTHTyuiH pecny6niKaHCbKHX i aeMo- 



30 






KparaTOHX. Ajie, npHHMaioiH yaap 3a yaapoM, BOHa Bee Ha3aa naae rria 
naHyBaHHa iy>EHX MOHapxifi i apHCTOKpaTifi" 7S . AHanoriim sBepHeima 
^paroMaHOB HaaicaaB pociflcbKHM nucbMeuHHKaM y aeHb BinKpHrrs 
naM'aTHHKa O. C. nyimdHy w Ta, cniabHO 3 M. IlaBUHKOM, — JiiTepaTyp- 
HOMy KOHrpecoBi, mo Bia6yBaBca y Biajn 1881 p. r . 

Oco6jiHBe 3Hai€MHfl juih npaB03axHCHoi ataabHocri j^paroMaHOBa mbjio 
BiwaHHS 'TpOMajm", skc posnoiaJiocb 1878 p. Bctoro 6yjio BnaaHo 5 

TOMiB; KplM TOrO, ntH OaHOfiMeHHOKJ Ha3BOKt, CIliJIbHO 3 M.naBJMKOM xa 

C. noaommcbKHM, 6yna cnpoSa HajiaroaHTH BHaaittis nepioaH'moro 
jKypHajiy, Ta Hepes (JriHaHCOBi TpyaHomi bmhuuio TbibKH jjpa HOMepn. IlopyM 
i ! uhmh BH^aHHaMH ^paroMaHOB HanwcaB hhikv npaiib iHojeMHHMii 
MoiniMH 3 npo6jieM, aid crocyBajmcb hk yKpaiHCbKHX, Tax i 3arajn>Hopocifi- 
cbKMX a6o 3arajn.HocjioB'HHCbKHX cnpaB i msjih bcjihkhS biuihb He TitfbKH 
na (popMysaHHS i po3bhtok yKpaiHCbKoro pyxy, a fi na unni caoB'sHCbKi 
HapoflH. npoBiaHHMH TeMaMH npaub ^paroMaHOBa Oboro nepioay e npo- 
naraana iaefi nonmniHoro (peaepani3My Ta caMoynpaBJiiHHa napoaiB hk 
ronoBHoro 3Hapaaaa b 6opoTfe6i 3 caMoaepscaBCTBOM Ta neHTpani3M0M 
bcjihkhx iMnepifi, mi* hkhmh 6yjia po3- zdneHa YicpaiHa, a Taxo* 6opoTB"6a 
la npaBa Ta CBo6oan jikxhhhh «k HeoOxiaHoi" yMOBH couiajibHoro Ta 
nojriTH*moro po3bhtkv cycniiibCTBa. BoaHonac, oanHM b roaoBHitx Hanpa- 
mib aifl-ibHOCTi ^paroMaHOBa crrae rrpanoiaxncua aianbHicTb, 6opoTb6a 3 
nopymeHHHM inoacbKHX npaB, ocKinbKH, Ha ayMKy MHCJnrreJia, yMOBH 
eMirpauji He ,taiut:m 3MorH ana 6e3nocepeaHboi 6opoTb6H 3 icHyioiHM 
nopaaKOMja h, KpiM Toro, aocaraeHHfl nporpecHBHHX 3MiH "MoauiHBe mane 
npH neBHiH nociriaoBHocri i npn bhcokom} po3BHTKy Mac; a TOMy moxcc 
6yra aocarHyro 6mbine 3aco6aMH posyMOBoi nponaranaH, Hiac kjh iihibi imi i 
noBCTaHHSMH" 7S . FIpoTeHaBiTb MHpHa nponaraHaa sycTpiiana aKTHBHHH 
cnpoTHB ne TinbKH b PocificbKifl iMnepii, any KOHCimyiOHHUi ABcrrpo- 
yropmnHi. npHKJiaaoM iiboro cayacHTb JibBiBCbKHH npouec Oparaca- 
naBJiHKa-TepJieubKoro 1877-1878 pp., mo 6yB, 3a cjioBaMH M. 
FpymeBCbKoro, "noaBiHHo th)ekhm erri3oaoM ana flparoManoBa" T ", oadnb- 
kii BcapeaicuJHHa npeca 3BHHyBaqyBajia fioro b aHTHypaaoBiii, nianiJibHifi 
aiajibHocTi. y cbocmv jracTi ao pocificbKoro JiiTepaTypo3HaBUH 0. M. njmi- 
na JparoMaHOB roicaB HanpHidHuj kbit™ 1877 p.: "Ox Hanprnciaa. mo 
Harme™ nerep6. ra3erH 3 npHBoay JIbBiBCbKoro npouecy! ABCTp. nojrinia 
HaGpexajia i Han)Tajia, ranmibKa npoxypaTypa npH6aBHJia, cya Teac, 
noTbebKa i pycHHcbKo-aaHKiBCbKa npeca tc*. Ta m, jii6epaJibHa neTep- 
SipcbKa "Heaeaa" yxHTpujiacb me fi "Cjiobo" rajmubKe nepeSpexarH! I 
BHfiinoB Ram, JlaBpoBy, /IparoMaHOB — TacMHOMy TOBapHcmy, a 



'31 



6im«ira -HcipeMCbKHH, HKoro a, Ganytti fioro cnoBHeHHH Biinaio no6yT b 
5KeHesi, cnpoBaAHB bibtuch b norarrexHiKyM JlbBiscbKHH, — b oahh iac 
bhhuiob "nocjiaHLteM" i 3 XapKOBa i 3 ^fCeHeBH!!! Mem ne Bee /ipi6HHia, — 
Ta BHKOHaHHa ModMpii BJiamT>'BaTH 6i6JrioxeKH b Taji. i yropmroti i npoi- 
xaTH me oflim-flpa pa3H Yropcbicy Pycb — 3ycTpino cmibHy nepenoHy. 
^(oBeaeTbca no3HafloMHracb 3 aBcrp. Kyry3KaMH, — mo a i Hanjiocb 
BHKOHa™. A Bce-TaKH xchbhh Gyro He xoiy, — a 6i6jrioTeicn b pycbKifi 
AscTpii no3aBO)Ky. A Spexara — xafi aBCTpificbici i pocificbici ra3eTH 
6pemyn>" m . IlpoTH HaMipy .ZIparoMaHOBa npnixaTH jois. yiacri y JlbBiB- 
cbKOMy npoueci pimyHe 3anpoTecTVBajiH floro yiacHHKH, i bih npHCJiaB 
TiiibKH cboc mrcbMOBe cnpoCTVBaHHH o6BHHVBajibHoro aKty. O^jiaK cya 
Bi^MOBHBca saqwrara ftoro nin qac npouecy, a TaKoat nonywrm ao aioiB 
cnpaBH. Ta nonpH boo 6e3niflCTaBHicTb xa 6e3aoKa30Bicrh 3BHHyBaieHb, 
nmcyjmi 6yjm mnwdm bhhhhmh i m 6yjio npH3Ha«ieHO xoi HeBejiraci, ajie 
noKapaMHa, nepe3 mo TepjieubKHH BTparaB po6oTy, a Oparaco i IlaBjniK 
6yjra no36aBaeHi smoiti npoaoBHcyBa™ cboi cTyaji" y JlbBiBctKOMy 
yHiBepeHTeTi. Bircbine Toro, Bci yjacHHKH m>BiBCbKoro npouecy He TiJibKH 
He 3H annum niajpHMKH 3 6oKy jnLnepiB yKpaiHCbKoro pyxy b TajiHHHHi, a h 
Buwyjm Ha co6i BinBepTo Bopoace CTaBJieHHa. %k 3rasyBaB imHiine iBaH 
tDpatnco, "Haiiripnie 6omno HacTO, mo Bcapycwca cycniin>HicTb, 3 bhcmkom 
KymcH MOJioaixcH, ymticajia Hac aK 3a*iyMJieHHX. Mh oiihhhjihch b 
nojioxeHHK) GaraTiB, bhkhhchhx 13 cycnuibHOCTH" (S1) . B ueH nac TiiibKH 
MopanbHa, a ihkojih i MarepiajibHa, rri/rrpHMxa .ZJparoMaHOBa nonoMonia 
C>paHKOBi, riaBJoncoBi Ta TepJieubKOMy bhctohto y rax CKJiaflHHX yMOBax, 
octbtohho yTBepjuiTHCb y nepeKOHaHHi Heo6xi,zmocTi 6opoib6H 3a 
rapaHTOBaracTb npaB Ta cBo6on,'neKJiapoBaHHX KOHCTHTyujeio, 3a 
aocarHeHHa nojDTHHHoi cboSoah, uamoHajibHoi Ta comanbHoi piBHocri. 
Caia mflKpecjiHTH, mo aBCTpificbici BJiacri oapa3y sposyMum bcio He- 
6e3neKy ana iMnepii nporpaMH npo6ya»:eHHa HairionaJibHoi caMocBiflOMocri 
yKpaiHCbKoro nacexeHHa rajiHHHHH, ByKOBHHH Ta 3aicapnaTTa, 
3anponoHOBaHoi ^paroMaHOBHM i nunpHMaHoi fioro nptixHTbiniKaMH b 
Tampmm. LJa nporpaMa, aKa b mono nana 6yab-aKy TepopHCTHHHy «m 
npoTH3aKOHH> r ajaiibHicTb, Morjia Mara HaffJBHHaflHO ecpeKTHBHi HacniaKH 
b acneKTi p03ropTaHHa Ta noinHperaia yKpaiHCbKoro nojnTHHHoro pyxy 
Ha Bcix yKpaiHCbKHX 3CMJiax, mo bxojbthh rg cioiajiy ABCTpincbKOi iMnepii. 
ToMy, no cyri, JibBiBCbKHH npouec Ha^ npuxiuibHHKaMH /IparoMaHOBa 6yB 
He aHTHcouianicTH^HHM, a aHTHyKpaiHCbKHM. IJhm npouecoM ii;ia;ii 
B^aJioca npH3ynHHHTH niaHeceHHS yKpaiHCbKoro nojaraHHoro pyxy b 
FajiHMHHi, He aonycTHTH floro nomnpeHHa Ha 3axapnaTri Ta BvKOBHHi. 



32 



YBecb nepiofl nepe6yBaHHa flparoMaHOBa b eMirpairji, Ta HaBiTt mora iioro 
cMepri, Horo \m's hc -.miiKac i nomueflcbKHX Ta cyaoBHX flOKyMeirriB b 
ABCTpii, i npaKTHHHO Bci BmaHHH, 3#iHCHeHi /JparoMaHOBHM y 5KeHeBi, 
6>jth 3a6opoHeid ro posnoBaoaaceHHa b Mexax iMnepii !2 . 

BnaiHy yBary .UparoMaHoB npHjoiwc i 3arajn>HopociHcbKHM npo6jre- 
MaM, 30KpeMa aocsrHeHHio nojriTHHHoi' cBo6onH. Cq>6cbKo-6ojirapcbKHfi 
pyx i no™ BiitHa 3 Typeq^HHOio, 3BiraaHHO, 6yjm flo6pow Harofloio ms. 
nponarannH JiiGepaiibHHx Laen pociHcbicoio mobok. ni3Hime JlparoMaHOB 
jraffVBaB: "ii cnpo6yBaB BHKJiagaTHix b Pocii i rricnaB 3 }KeHeBH Ha nonancy 
p. 1876 b neTep6yp3t>Ky ra3eTy "Moiroa" crarno "HncToe fleno Tpe6yer 
qncTbix cpeacTB" [nimcpecjieHO M. JX.], b jndfl npo6yBaB BHCTOBuracb 3a 
Te, mo ttjibkh BLicHa Pocifl Moxe 3BtnbHHTH DajiKaHCbKHX CjiobW u . 3a 
nyGjiucauiK) triei CTaTTi naconnc 6yno saKpHTO Ha bicim MicauiB. Toai 
/(paroMaHOB mime npaiii, ski bhhuuih apyxoM y )KeHeBi, ue: "TypKH 
BH>Tpiimri i 30BHUinri", "BHyTpiiUHC paScrao i Bimia 3a BinBoneHHa", '%o 
Horo aoBOKBajmcb?". OcraHHH 6yjia BHjxaHa HeJierajrbHoio jroyicapHeio i b 
neTep6yp3i run na3BOK> "Pe3\jn.TaTH ocTamrboi BifiHH" Ta npHimaTa 3a 
KopflOHOM hk npoKJiaMauia BracoHaBioro komitcT) pocificbKoi couiaji- 
peBomouiflHoifnapTu, a JIparoMaHOBa pociiicbiti oipiniHHi BiwaHHS sapaxy- 
BanH B HiriJiicra i TepopHCTH, xoqa b otox neprnHX HasBarorx 6pomypax 
flparoManoB BmataB MUriMVM nojrrrtniHHX peqiopM, sod Heodximw 3.ZBH- 

CHHTH B Pocii, mo6 BOHa CTaJia CBpOneHCbKOK) UHBijli30BaH0K> KpaiHOIO, 

ninKpecjHffinm, mo TijibKH "nomTiraHa CBo6o,aa: BceHapoaHe, 3eMCbKe 

npeaCTaBHmXTBO, 3 KOHTpOJieM Haa jama! BHKOHaBHOl BJiazm, 3 He^oTop- 

KaHoio cBo6ofloro oco6h, cjiosa, 36opiB, TcmapHCTBa — i Moace 3a6e3neHHTH 
xoh jnce He6yab pro;pKeHH» jnam»Hocri ypany 3 HauioHaxibHHMH im-epecaMH 
Ta rpoMaacbKOK) ^yMKOio" M . 

y cboih po6oTi "^o qoro flOBOioBajmcb?", SBepHeHiii, tojiobho, ro oqii- 
uepiB pocificbKoi apMii, flparouaHOB bhcjiobjuoc .nyMKy, mo ochobhoio 
chjtoio, HKa 6 Moraa bhct\tiiith b Pocii' 3 BHMoroio noiriTHHHHX pecpopiu, c 
apMia. HmiimHi ocpiuepH, BBaxac bjh, noBmmi npoaoBXHTH cnpaBV aeica- 
6pHCTiB, awe Tenep "6ijnme Hajm Ha ycnix, Hi* b 1815-1825 pp. Tenep 
6yayTb abrra He TiTbKH flBopsHH, He TinbKH ocpiuepn" ,s . B Ha3Bamixpo6o- 
Tax /^paroMaHOB BHcrynae He tLubkh 3 BHMoraMH noiriTHHHHX petpopM y 
PociHCbKui iMnepii, a fi pimyne npoTecryc nporH icmioqux y pociHCbKili 
apMii nopaiKiB — pyKonpuKJiaacTBa, caMoa>pcTBa, Ka3H0Kpa^;cTBa, 
HenoBarH no moflcbicoi rinHocri, npas Ta cso6oa jhozwhh. Piuryqe KpirraKye 
AparoMaHOB i no3HUiio pocificbKoi npecH, ma Ha noBiflOMJieHHfl npo 6nTTa 
pocificbKHMH oqSmepaMH 6ojrrapcbKHX ao6poBOjn>mB rmrne: "TaKott yw 



33 



Mki Hapoa: 3\'6h noobeM, a Bce-TaKH ocBoecnHM". "Bin. ioro 3Bljii>hhmo? 
— ndBHO sannxyBaB flparoMaHOB y cboix nySniitHCTHqHHx BHCTynax, — 
oin 6e3MipHoro MopaoGnxxa, npHB'asyBaHHa ao cTOBniB Ha cohiu, bUi6h- 
BaHHH byx HarafncaMH, "BCHnattHH" 400 najioK, homy fliHCHo 6e3CTaHOBO 
nianaaaJiH i cojmaTH, i cenaHH, i cryRcwr yHiBepcHTery, i BraTejn> riMHa3ii 
Bin npH3HaHeHiix i caMOSBaraix KOMaHjmpiB". "B ocraHHi Micaui, — npo- 
aoBscye aajri flparoMaHOB, — na thxomy flyHai, Ha CaBi, Mopasi hhiob 
T8KHH MopjioSift, npo 3KHH Bace HaBiTb y Hac, y BHjapiiiiHix rydepmsx, 
Majio 6vjio myth B ocTaHHi pokh. rpy6ocrsM »;e i xcopcTOKocTHM nianaflajiH 
i cep6n i 6ojirapH, nia,BHaoM npHBHaHHH ao BuicbKOBoro Miicxeux-Ba. Hami 
6yp6oHH Hiax He Morras 3po3yMi™, mo cepoa .juhcho rpe6a bihth boch- 
hom)' MHCTeiiTB> , ajie HeMac HeooxiuHOCTi npHBHaTH no paScbKor o i uepe- 
MOHHoro BumomeHHa ao o<piiiepa, oco6jihbo Ha BVjnmi, b Katpani, cjiobom 
no3a cji>»c6ok), i nonaim bhhxh cep6iB i SoJirapiB He crbibKH cnpaBi, csdiibKH 
"3HaxH HanajibCTBo". He xiJibKH apMiticwd 6yp6oHH, ajie h 3BHKini ao pocifi- 
cbKHX nopajnciB JKypHajiicTH ... He aoraaajmcb a6o He 3Hajra, mo y cepSa 
hh HaBiTb 6onrapHHa i niurHiTOM 3obcim Hecicnajmoro i npHTOMy qyacoro 
TypeubKoro ira 36eperjiocb Ha6araTo Sijibiiie crijibKH w cBiaoMoro, cjcijn>KH 
i opraHiiHoro ... noHyrra oco6hctoi HeaoxopicaHOCTi, m* y Hac, rricjia 
CTtubKox buob manopsuotyBaHHa cboemv [p03pajtKa M.R.] aecnoxHSMOBi, 
KpinaubKOMy npaBy, Ta6ejno npo paHTH, mo HaBiTb b Typuii, 3aBaaKH ii 
MoraMeraHcbKo-pejnriHHOMy JiaaoBi i nepBicwiM (popMaM ii aecnoxH3My, 

He3piBHHHHO SiHbUie 3BHH0K plBHOCXi 1 6e3CTaHOBOCTi, HIXC V Hac" >b . OflHH 

i3 aKTHBHiix aianiB CTapoi' TpoMaflH nucaB y CBoeMy jmcxi &o /tparoMa- 
HOBa, mo "Tj'pKH BHyxpiinHi i 30BHiiiiHi" b rarraHHi 6opoxb6H 3a nomxHiHy 
cBo6oay, 6e3yMOBHo, cxaHOBHTHMyTb enoxy" s: . 

AKTHBHa nyGMimcTmHa zaajibHicTb cnpnae 3pocTaHHK> aBTopiiTery 
4paroMaH0Ba cepea nporpecHBHHX Ta peBoraouiHHHX rpyn aK y )KeHeBi, 
TaK i no Bcifl CBponi. 3 nacoM BiH (paKTHHHO ohojuoc toh HanpaM y cepe- 
HOBHmi eMiqjaHTiB-BHximiiB i3 Pocii, aKHii b ochobj cboci auuibHocTi 
noKnaB 6opoTb6y 3a npaBa i cbo6o,dm mojanm, 3a piBHonpaBHicTb ycix 
Hauiii i HapojjiB, 3a kohcthtyhuo bk ochoby npaBOBoi aepsaBH. 3&jjjis 
cnpaBeOTHBOcri cjiin 3a3H3HHTH, mo npHXiuibHHKiB uboro HanpaMy, nonpH 
aBTopHTer ,HparoMaHOBa, 6yno b Ti, Ta fi y ni3Hiuii, nacn ayjKe He6araTO, 
ocoSjhibo cepea cycizmix yicpaiHuaM Hapo/UB. Ili3Hiine ^.paroMaHOB 3raay- 
BaB: "^k npni'xaB a b ^CeneBy, to 36jm3HBCb i3 TyTeumiMH anapxicxaMH 
(CTapoi mKOjm, npyfloraBCbKoi, a He Tenepiumbof MocTo-KpanoxKiHCbKoi 
aypHe-MasNTpcbKo-npoBOKaxopcbKoi), Koxpi ce6e 33!iBJiajiH eBponemiaMH i 
tJ)eaepajiicxaMH. Bohh 6y:m HeaoBojn.Hi HapoaHHHecTBOM "3eMni i Bom" i 



M 






r 



gKo6incTBOM "HapojiHoi Bom". Or mm i 3aayManH ae 3 khm vtbophtw 
3anaaHHHecKO-(peaepajibHHH niajcon nia "caMo6biTHM^ecTBo" i "o6py- 
ceHHe" rocnoflCTB>Toinero b 1879-1 88 1 KpyacKa b p.c.peB.; 3a 6a3HcpiiHRTM 
B35rra PyMVHiio (Panni) 3 EacapaSioo i famnHHy (flaBiniK) 3 YKpaiHOio"* . 
npoTe, iimpoKOi ninipHMKH 4>eaepajncTHHHi Ta KOHCTHTyHJJiHi nomaan 
,HparoMaHOBa y cepeaoBHini pociflcbKoi eMirpauii He 3HaHimiH. Horo 
BHcryim npo™ ueHTpamsMy, npoTH HexTyBaHHa HauioHajibHHMH npaBaMH 
noHeBOJiemix HapojjJB cnpmlMaitticb pociiicbKHMH peBomouiOHepaMH Bia- 
Bepxo Bopoace. "R aincHo nocrynoBo aeaairi 6inbine ciaBaB hpothbhhkom 
pociHCbKHxpeBOjnouioHepiB, — micas flparoMaHOB y cbom aBTodiorpacpii 
1889 p. — OicpiM ix BenHKOpociiicbKoro ueHTpajmMy, aHTHKymTypHHX 
reHAemxiH, HapoaHHUbKiixLinosiH, MaKiaBejri3My cnoco6iB (Tuny (panbinn- 
bhx MaHiipecriB SI. CTecpaHOBHHa h iHin. saMaxiB Ha o6icpaaeHHa 6atndB, 
ckap6HHHb i nooix 3 bGhbctbom CTopoadB) MeHe posjojiano 3 hhmh i niaHe- 
cchhh noaroraHoro B6nBCTBa, a6o, hk bohh roBopmiH, "repopy", b npHH- 
min peBOJnotuJiHoi 6opoTb6X Toaj hk a aiffiHBca Ha Heft Tepop, xijibKH «k 
na 3aKOHOMipHHH, xoi i naTOJiori>iHHH, HacntnoK Tepopy caMoro ypaay '. 
FIpoTH BCboro Hboro a noBcraBaB b 6pomypax, noraHaio-m 3 "JlHCTKa 
'TpoMaan" b 1878 p., b skim «po3i6paB nepiny TepopHCTHqHy npomiaMa- 
uiio "CMepTb 3a cMepTb", a noxiM b 6pourypi "TeppopH3M h cBo6oaa" 
(1880) ... 51 neBHHii, mo mchi aoBeaerbcs sjiaMara me He oaHoro cnnca 3 

pOCiilCbKHM HKoSlHCTBOM, HK i 3 pOClHCbKHM HapH3M0M" *. 

She noKaayc icropmiHHH aocflia, 6opoTb6a ^paroManoBa npo™ Hera- 

TIIBHHX TeHJieHHiH B peBOmOUJi'lHHX pVXaX pi3HHX CJlOB'aHCbKHX HapozDB 

aajia 6e3nepe^Hi no3HTHBHi HacJiiaKH, ski npoaBHJDicb y sinxoai 3HaiH0i 
nacTHHH peBOJOouiHHHX napTifi i HanpaMiB sin xaxTHKH Tepopy, irnopy- 
Baims 3ara.nbHonioacbKHx uiHHocreH. nepeKonaHHa flparoMaHosa y tomv , 
mo Bia 3aco6y 6opoTb6n sajieactrrb uiiib i HacianoK 6opoTb6n, mo He Him. 
BiinpaBjtoBye 3aco6n, a sacio KJiaae nenaTb Ha ujjib, Bpeum-peiiiT 6yjio 

CnpIDIHHTO BCiM3 npOrpeCHBHHMH nOJBTHHHHMH CHJiaMH, flKI 6opojnicb 3a 

npasa i cBo6ofln jnoanmi. 

Bearace sHaneHHfl y nounipeHHi nepeaoBiix nporpecHBHHx iaen b Pocifl- 
cbWH iMnepiiBiaiipaiia raaera "BojibHoe cjiobo", b flKiii aKTHBHo craBnpamo- 
Bao, a noiTM 6yb peaaKTOpoM, MHxafuio JJparoMaHOB. Y UboMy BiiaaHHi 
6yjio ony6iiiKOBaHO TaK\ (j)yHaaMeHTajibHy npamo MHCjnrrejia, sk "IcropHq- 
Ha Efonbina i BeraiKopociHCbKa aeMOKparis", iHUii iioro RocmjwenHn 3 
npoSjieM fleHeHTparasauii, caMOBpaayBaHHa, npaa Ta cbo6oa mojamn. 
Po6oTa b ra3eTi aana 3Mory j^paroMaHOBy (paKTHHHO 3r>pTyBaTH Ta oho- 
JDith 3aranbHopociiicbK> 6oporb6y 3a nomTiPQTj CBo6oa\' Ta xnGepajibHi 



3J 



pecj)OpMH. rioHajjiapTiHHHH BmrHB JJparowaHOBa BiaKpHB MowcnuBicn. 
ocoopjiHHyBaTii, neBHOio MipoK), inajibHicTfc pisHHxnapxifl, rpyn Ta HanpaMiB, 
Binxri6q)aiibHHxao peBOjnonjHHHX, 3 aixnbHocri 3 nojiroraHoro petpopMVBaHHa 
PociHCbKoi iMnepii. CaMe "BojibHoe Cjiobo" crajio thm opraHOM, b hkomv He 
iinbKH BHCJioBJnoBanHCb noiiiTOTHi nosHnji pi3HHX nap™ th HanpHMiB, a fi 
6e3nocepeaHbo irponaryBajnrcH nomxuHHa CBo6o,na i caMOBpaayBaHHa. KpiM 
Toro, B ra3eri 3Ha«nia yBara npHajjuiJiacb conjaiibHHM nuTaHHHM, bhbhchhio 
Ta y3arajn>HeHHK) aocBiiry 3apy6bKHHx KpaiH mojio posB'jnaHHH Ta BHpiineH- 
hs pisnoviafBinHx coiua-Ti,HHx npo6:ieM. Y nojriTHHHiH nporpaMi, ony6mKo- 
BaHiH y nepiuoMV HOMepi raseTH, nopyq n BHMoraMH po3BH-TKy 3eMCbKoro 
caMOBpsmyBaHHa Ta ,neueHTpajii3auii ninKpecneHo BeiBnce 3HaqeHHa npaB Ta 
cbo6oh flJin Hapoay, Heo6xinHicTb ixHboro HaflaHHH Ta rapaHTOBaHOcri*. 
ripaua y Ha3BaHiH ra3eri nocnyxooia npHBoaoM ao Toro, mo .ZIparoMaHOB 
OTpHMaB KijibKa nojiiTHKO-couiajnjHHX nporpaM 3 npoxaHHHM ixHboro V3a- 
ranbHeHHa Ta aonoBHeHHa. HacniaKOM iriei po6o™ crajia KHHDKKa , uio BHHiina 
iipyKOM y ^CeHeBi 1 884 p. i ana, no cyri, Bnepme b PociHChKiH iMnepii Micrn-uia 
rpyHTOBHHH nepeiriK ochobhhx npaB i cso6oa, jnd e Heo6xiaHOK> vmoboio 
cycnijibHoro po3BHncy Kpauoi ". Hepe3 o6'acrnBHi icropiiHHi o6cTaBHHH 
3acHVBaHHJi noraTHHHoro TOBapHCTBa "BLflbHa CmnKa" npaKTHHHO hcbiuih- 
hj'jio Ha po3BHTOK cycnnbimx BiJWocHH y TO/nuiHiii PocificbKiii iMnepii. Tomv 
Bate nepe3 aBa poKH flparoMaHOB nncaB y jmcTi ao CTapoi rpoMaan: "Jim 
MOJioflj B. Cn. MOJKeMaTH TiabKH JBTepaTypH)' ujHy, hk Hanp. icaTexjDM aepJKaB - 
Horo npaBa, a6o mo. 3 nboro jk 6okv a no3Bomo co6i ayMaTH, noKH MeHi He 
AOKaacyTb npoiHBHoro, — B.Cn. no MeraiiiH Mipi mojkc 3acraHOBHTH ayMKy 
Ha aesKHX peqax, KOTpi Tpe6a Tenep 3Hara i po3yMh"H bchkomv MaH6yrHbOMy 
atHHesi, — a oicpiM toto HamoMy MOJioaoMy lonoBHcoBi aae nepecropora 
npoTH (jKjpMyji, KOTpi .ay^ce xoaaTb no poriiicbKiH MOJioai: npoTH Hapoao- 
BOJibCTBa, HapoflHmecTBa, HaiBHoro yKpaiHoc|)ijn>crBa i t.ih." k . "BinbHa CrriJi- 
Ka" /Jpa! OMaiiomi 6yjia mi He naf-ioLibiii aocKOHamiM kohcthtvtbFihhm 
npoeKTOM aeMOKpaTHHHHX, eBOjnouiHHHX nepeTBopeHb PociHCbKoi iMnepii 
cepea HarmcaHHX y jpyrifi nojioBHHi XIX ct., aapMa, mo nncajiach BOHa hk 
craryT nojriTHHHoro TOBapHCTBa. BjiacHe ue i aajio nwcTaBy pocifrcbKHM 
KafleraM sapaxosyBara ^paroMaHOBa ao 3acHOBHHidB cBoei napiii ", xoh 
WM J]paroMaHOBa ^)eaepani3auiHTaaeueHTpajii3auiH PociHCbKoi iMnepii 6yjia 
iinbKH nepusiM eranoM flo 3ao6yxiH yKpaiHCbKHM HapoaoM noBHoinojirmHHoi 
Ta HaujoHajrbHoi HesaJiejKHocri. 

HaHronoBHiinHM aopo6KoM /(.paroMaHOBa y Hacn nepeSyBaHHa b 5Ke- 
HeBi 6yB BmrycK 'TpoMaaH", 6o caMe b ubOMV BimaHHi "BHCKa3VBaJiacb b 
nepuiHH pa3 nicna pj'KormciB UleBieHKa nomTHKo-couiajibHO-KyjibTypHa 



i 



* 



M, 






nporpaMa yicpaiHCbKa — 6e3 nemypn, nepea yciM cbitom, cBponencbKHM i 
pocificwcHM, — i b MeHe, — mnne b CBoeMy jracri ao "CTapoi rpoMaan" 
/^paroMaHOB, — ecn> aoK33H i peueH3ii nenaTi (nepeKJiaan: cep6cbKi, 
nojibCbid, irajriticbKi, aHrmHCbici, (ppaHiry3bKi, icnaHCbici) i jihctm, 3 KOTpHX 
bhhho, mo cBiTTaKH xoh Tpoxn Ta 3anpHMiTHB YKpaiHy qepea n nySjriKauii. 
Ccn> y MeHe jihcth 3 pi3HHX KyntiB Pocii, b KOTpHX roBopHTbca, mo KOJIH 
aca soma MOJionbK jTq)aiHCbKa He nipHyjia b Mope "HapoaoBOJitcbKe", to 
rinbKH aaKyioiH uhm ny6jDKatuaM" M . 

'TpoMaaa" 6yjia He tuimch BinbHHM yKpaiHCbKHM cjiobom, Bona 6yjia i 
rieio TpHSyHoio, 3 skoI ,HparoMaHOB iuzwochb cbui MoryTHiH ronoc npoTH 
KOHKpeTHHX nopyniera, npaB xa CBo6oa mojaam, B*e He y TeoperaHHOMy, 
a b iH^opMauiHHo-npaKTHHHOMy acneKTi, BKasyromi KoHKpeTHi aapecn, 
KOHKpeTHHX BHHyBaTuiB nopyineHHa thx mi unmix npaB jnoaHHH. Y apyro- 
My HOMepi 36ipHHKa, po3rjismaioHH noBiaoMiieHHH 3 YKpairoi, Bin mnne 3 
npHBoay nopyuieHb npaB ccjihh npH noaiJii seMJii, mo HasiTb "sk6h 3Hafi- 
ujobch hkhh HJieH [KOMicii 3 po3Me;*yBaHH8. - T.A.], KOTpHft 6h oGcraBaB 
3a 6iamtx xai6opo6iB, to fioro 6 3BajnrrH Hiioro He ctoiho naHaM: ypsa 
6h 3a Htoro He 3acTynm)ca, HaBiTb npo Hboro 6 He noiyB iimpoKHH cbIt, 
6o raser i cxoaoK, ae 6 Moscna 6vjio roBopHTH npo aiJia KpacBi, y Hac 
HeMa" 9S . TinbKH BiacynricTb HanejKHoro 3b'h3k> .UparoMaHOBa 3 YKpai- 
hok>, mo ycKJiaamoBaJio onepaTHBHe Haaxoa»ceHHfl iHcpopMauii, a TaKO* 
Hepo3yMiHH» 3HaHH0K) HacTHHOio ineHiB "CTapoi rpoMaan" BaauiHBOCTi 
TaKoi UKpopManii y SopoTbSi i 3a npaBa jhouhhh, i 3a yKpaiHCbKj cnpaBy 
He aaaH 3Morn .UparoinaHOBy HanaroaHTH peryjwpHHH i CHcreMaTHmoiH 

BUnVCK 'TpOMaAH". FlpO TpyffHOmi, 3 flKHMH HOMY flOBOflHJIOCb CTHKaTHCb 

nijHacpoGoTH y )KeHeBi, flparoMaHOB micais b oaHOMy 3 jmcriB ao "CTapoi 
rpoMaan": "He pa3 MeHi otvt npHXoaHaocb TaK, mo a 38BHayBaB thm, 
Koro noBicHim i po3CTpJJiflJiH, i kojih 6 a msb n p a b o nepea B3a- 
toio Ha c e 6 e npaueio [pospamca M. R.] ihth Ha nm6eHHmo, a 6 
nimoB Ha mo 3 aoporoio ayineio" *. 

"CTapa TpoMaaa", 6im.micTb HJiemB hkoi b 80-x poKax nepexoaarb Ha 
KVJibT\pHHUbKi no3Huii, He TuibKH He cnpHsaa mnpoKOMy po3ropTaHmo 
BHaamw 'TpoMaaH", a fl 1886 p. B3arajri BiaMOBJiaeThca Bia noaaawnoro 
cfriHaHcyBaHHH aiflm>H0CTi .UparoManoBa, no6oioio«!Hci>, mo B yMOBax 
peaKuiHHoro pexcHMy OaeiccaHapa III aKTHBHa nomraqHa 6opoTb6a 
AparoMaHOBa MOKeBHKJiracaTH npoTHyKpaiHCbidpenpecii. I xoia JJparo- 
MaHOB 3acTepiraB, mo, "ko.th b Tenepimmo rnyn> mi \iq)aiHCTBo He 6yae 
HiqHM ce6e 3aaBJiaTH acrom i tojiochhm, to hixto He niae 3a hhm, kojih 
HacTaHepaHOK" " , JiiaepH VKpai'HCbKoro pyxy Ha HaaflHinpaHCbKiH YKpaim 



37 



ia.-ninnuni ui 3acrepeaceHHH noia yBaroio. Tlojoi xc noiarKy XX ct. Hao^mo 
noKa3aan npaBOTy aparoMaHOBCbKoro sacrepesceHHa. 

ri036aB.ieHHH TICHHX 3B'a3KlB 13 yKpaiHCbKHMH 3CMTaMH b PocificbJ 

LMnepii, JJparoMaHQB ronoam ysary cboci cycnijibHO-nomTmHoi jwm>- 
HOCTi jocepejvKyc Ha rajmraHHi, IIicjih fioro bIhomhx JiHcriB ao xcypHaj; 
"^pyr" tvt y m>oro 3'sBJiaerbca psa nocjriaoBHmdB Ta npnxHJH>ron 
30KpeMa M, IlaBJiHK, I. Oparaco Ta in. flparoMaHOB kphthkvc rajnmbu 
HapoaoBHJB 3a ixHio no3Huiio b HH3ia npoueciB npora couiamcTiB, a TaKoa 
ixmo no3HujK> moao MOCKBO(j)i!iiB, hkhx bohh, Ha niacTaBi opicHTauii ocraH- 
Hix Ha pocificbKy Kym.Tj'py, 3BHHVBaH> , Bajni y HenosuibHOCTi ao aBcipifi- 
cbKOi BJiaan. .UparoMaaoB rmcaB: "nepeMiiuyto™ o6jiacrb nojnTHKii i jots- 
paTypH raji. yKpaiHOcJnaH He TiaiKH iayrb npora npaB h o a o B i k a 
[po3p«aKa M.jy , a niannpaioTb nocToaiiHe BcrrynaHHa ypaay (BiaeHcwcoro 
i nojacbKoro) b hhcto aoMOBi cnpaBii PjxHHiB" w . 

3arajioM npoSjieMy npaB jnoaHHH j^paroMaHOB nocriHHO nopynryo hk 
y ancrax ao rammbKHX KopecnoHaemriB, TaK i y CTanax Ta 6poinypax, 
HanncaroLx i bhashhx y Tampmrn. I10B3 VBary MHCjnrreaa He npoxoaHTb 
)KoaeH 3HaiHHH ipaKT nopymeHHa thx hh iHumx awacbKHX npaB Ta cBo6oa 
3 6oky BJiaan. Binbme toto, bih HaMaracTbca aocTyroniMH homj 3aco6aMH 
apVKOBanoro cjioBa 6opoTHca 3 uhmh nopyineHHSMH, BHMarae moro Bia 
cBoix oaHoavMuiB. TaK, y jmcri ao <!>paHKa 3 npiiBoay cyaoBoro nepecjii- 
aysaHHH cejwn 3 /I,poro6»PTOiHH 3 a aHTHKJiepHxaJibHi BHCTynn bih ramie: 
"flvsce acaaKo, mo Hi oaKoro 3 rajnranHH He Maio 3BicncH npo aporo6Hin>- 
khx "GoroxyabnjB". MeHi mocb b UbOMV npoueci naxne noiaiKOM cbopo 
poay iirryHflH, tlhi>kii paaracajibHinie, Ha m»0My He cTaHe, a aino niae 
aaabtne, Tijimch hk ace 6yae aepHcara ce6e "Hapoaojno6HBa" iHTemreHiuJi 
ao nboro pyxy? TaK, hk "H. npojioM" Ta "^mo"? Mem 3aaerbca, mo naBixb 
cya He MaB npauo o6BHHyBa<ryBaTH awaeH 3a TaKe "6oroxyabcTBo" j mo 
yBecb nponec boimoxchhh TiJibKH b rajmiHHi 3 yciri 3an. GBponH. HeBxce 
HasiTb Mi»c BaniHMH "MOJioaHMH" He 3HaflaeTbca Hucoro, mo6 ocTyroiBCb 
3a 3acya*eHHX b BiaeHCbKHX ra3erax? J\o hkofo me copoMy mh aoKHBeMO 
3 TaKOio "iHTenireHnieio"?" w , 

Rim umpinoi nponaraHBH nepeaoBHX iaefi, niafiiniieHHa KyjibT\pHoro 
Ta nojiiTHHHoro piBHa Hapoay flparoMaHOB 3aB«aH nparayB CTBopHTH it 
TaaHMHHi HesajiescHHii opraH, «khh 6h cToaB Ha aeMOKparaqHHX 3acaaa> 
i Mir 6yra, 3a Heo6xiaHocTi, tph6vhok> ana 6opoTb6n ja npasa Ta cbo- 
6oan awaHtm. TaKHM opraHOM cTaB cycnimHo-nojriTirqHHH wxpHaa "Ha- 
poa", aKHlt sroaoM — nicjia CTBopeHHS M. naBjnncoM Ta I. OpamcoM y 
*0BTHi 1890 p. nia iaeHHo-TeopenraHHM KepiBHHHTBOM flparoManoBs 



M 



PychKO-VKpaiHCbKoi paaracajibHoi napxii, — no cyxi, "nepinoi MoaepHoi 
siqiaiHCbKoi nojrixHHHoi napxii" l0 ° — crac opraHOM uid napxiii. nepei- 
xaflinn no Cotpii i nonaBiim BHRuaaaubKy jxbmbHicxb y BmnoMy ymuanw, 
irojoM — CcxpifiobKOMy yHiBepcHxexi, /JparoMaHOB nommae peryjiapHo 
MaxepianbHo roarpHMyBaxH posnonaxy (DpamcoM "JlixepaxypHO-HayKo- 
bv 6i6jrioxeicy" Ta lan^sKa homy cxBopeHy ra3exy jms cejMHcxsa "XmSo- 
po6". y uhx BJmaHHHX 6y.xo orry6jiixoBaHO HH3K) npaub /JparoMaHOBa, 
30KpeMa: "Hyoamdci 331*101 npo \Tq)a'iHCbKyHamoHajibHy cnpaBy", "JIhcth 
Ha HaftaninpjiHCbKY YKpaim ■•", suci Maroxb (j>yHnaMeHxajn>He iHaneiiHa hk 
m% p03VMiHHH norasmiB flparoinanoBa na npaBa xa cboGoot jhoothh, xaK 
i am noaajibinoro po3BHXKy yicpatHCbKoi npaBOBoi xa nojrixH>moi avmkh. 

ripracjiaaoM noBarw ao HauioHaJibHHX nonyxxiB npeflcxaBHinciB immix 
HapofflB, iloro BneBHeHocxi, mo npw cxBopetmi HanexcHHx jmob Koscen 
napoa Moxce nocicxn HajiexHe Micne cepea posbhhvxhx HapoaiB esixy, € 
no3HUia /JparoMaHOBa y nq>ioanepe6yBaHH3 y Co<pii. BiH hc xmbicnpiinyHe 
BiaMOBHBca Bianponosmai saioumi nocaay peicxopa Bmuoi dikojih, BBaaca- 
iohh, mo peicxopoM noBHHCH 6yxn 6oJirapnH, a fl 3 nepiinix jaw CBoro 
nepe6yBaHHH na GonrapcbKifi 3eMai sarracaB y cBocMy moaeHHHKv: "Hc 
xoiy BMimvBaxncb y BHyxpiiinno nomxracy Eonrapii, a ayMaio aiyjKimi 
ocxaHHifi BraanoHHO HayKOBOio npauero" 10L . I xpe6a ciea3axH, mo 3a yBecb 
iac nepe6yBaHHH B BoJirapii bih »iixKO aoxpHMVBaBCH uM nosHnii — Macn- 
waflbHO cnpHJno™ p03BHXKOBi GoJirapcbKoi HayKH, bhiuoi ujkojih i0: i, 
BoaHonac, crrpsMOByiora cbok) cycninbHO-noirixHHHy abuibHicxb bhkjik>«iho 
Ha cnpaBUxa iHxepecn yicpaiHCbKoro Hapoay. 

JlparoMaHOB 3a cBift 6i.TbUi 8K 30-piHHHH nepioa aicXHBHoi HayKOBOi, 
rpoMaflCbKoi, JtixepaxypHoixa cycmribHO-nojiixHHHoiaisJibHocxi aaicxaB b 
YKpaiLHi ochobh ana po3BHXKV uinoi HH3KH HayK, nojrixiraftix HanpaMiB 
xa rpoMaacbKHX uicxHxynjii, xaioix, 30KpeMa, hk sinbHa npeca. Ane /Jparo- 
ManoBy HanejKinb xaxow nepmicxb i B xaKOMV jvw yKpauoi ynpoaoB* 
xpHBajiHX icropHHHHX nepioaiB HajxiBHHaftHo aKxyamHOMy BHai cycniabHo- 
noirixifiHOi aisabHocxi, hk npaB03axncHHH pyx. Ihkojih xiabKH ueft npaso- 
3axHCHHfi pyx He ja Bii b CBixoaifi rpoMa^cbKOcxi 3a6yxH npo yKpa'iHy, cxosib 
na 3axHcxi nojrixHHHHX xa HauioHaJibHHX, coujainjHHx xa Kyjibxypmix npaB 
yKpaiHCbKoro Hapoay . TaK 6yjio b 70-80-x ponax XIX ex., xaK 6>]io i b 70- 
80-x poKax XX ex. I, mohcuhbo. cmia uboro pyxy 6yna i b xoMy, mo 61JI8 
Horo BHxoidB exoarm xaici xnxaHH ajTJKH, stK Miixafijio ^paroMaHOB. 

Ilpo6neMa npaB xa cbo6o/i momma nocinae y cycninbHo-nojrixiiMHiH 
JiiajibHocxi /tparoMaHOBa y nq?ioa eMirpauii ootc 3 huilhhx Micnb. BiH He 
TinbKH BHcxynae 3 BHKpHTXHM (J>aKxiB nopymeHHfl npaB jnoanroi b Pocin- 



v> 



obiriH hh ABCTpo-YropcfaKiii iMnepii, a fl cnpjtMOBye Bci sycuJirw Ha Te, mo6 
nepeKOHam nporpecHBHO HacrpoeHi chjih oShibox iMnepin He3ajie»CHO 
Bia ixHboi HauioHajibHocTi hh nojiiTHHHoi opieHTauiii, mo rojioBHHM 
3aBjiaHHHM c saKOHoaaBie 3aKpimieHHa, 3axHmeHicrb Ta rapaHTOBaHicn> 

IipaB i CBo6oa JHOaHHH. TlJIbKH 3a IXHbOl HaHBHOCTI MOHCJ1HBHH p03BHTOK 

ycboro cycnintCTBa i KOJKHoro fioro HJieHa soKpenia. IlpH UbOMV 
/tparoMaHOB nepeKOHJiHBO aoBoaHB, mo tmlkh HaHBuicxb BCboro komii- 
aeiccy npas i cBo6oa — noiriiwrnHx, HauioHajibHHx, eKOHOMimoix, coniajib- 
hhx, KyjibTypHHx — aae niacraBy roBOpHTH npo cBoSoay JnoaHHH. 3a 
BtacyTHocri aKoicb rpyrm npaB Ta CBo6oaMO*Ha CTBepaacyBaxH npo Biacyr- 
mcn> npaB i cBo6oa jiiojchhh Bsarajri. B uefi nepioa ^paroMaHOB po3po6jiae 

CBiHKOHCTHTyuiHHHfinpOeKT "B0Jn>HbIHC0I03" — "BiJEbHa CnLHKa",5IKHH 

Ha aoBri poKH 3ajimnaBC» 3a piBHeM CBori TeopernHHOipo3po6KH xa npaK- 
nraHoi cnpHMOBaHocii naiiKpammi KOHCTHTyiuHHHM npoeKTOM y Mexcax 
Bciei PociiicbKoi iMnepii l0 \ TeoperHHHa po3po6ica npo6jieMH npas jnoamni, 
nocriftHa ysara ao uici npo6neMH >' cycniJibHO-nojriTHHHiH aisJitHOCTi 
flparoinaHOBa jiaim nonrroBX noaaminoMy po3BHTKy yKpaiHCbKoi npaBO- 
BoiayMKH Ta nomnrmoi npaKTHKH, ana hkhx 6yan xapaicrepHHMH noBara 
ao moacbKoi oco6HCTOcri, u npas Ta CBo6oa, aeMOKpairoM i ryMaHJ3M. 









40 



p o 3 a i jm ii 

MHCJIHTEJIL 

1. rioiuyK uiJinxiB no cbo6ojih 

Ilpo6jieMH npaB jooahhh xa iXHtoro Micua y cHcreMi npaBOBnx norjia- 
m iJparoMaHOB a alia, posrjiaaaTH He jiraiie b icropnqHOMV KOHreKcri .apyroi 
noJioBHHM XIX ct., a fl 3 no iimiii cynacHoro pibhji po3BHTKj npaBOBoro 
peryjnoBaHHfl bwhochh, hki BHHHKaicmb y c<J>epi npaB Ta cbo6oa jhoahhh, 

3a ocHOBy y TaieoMy aHanbi cnyryBaTHMyrb HHHiri MibKHapOOTO-npaB- 
oBi aiCTH, 30KpeMa Xapria npaB jiiouhhh, HKa Bioaoqae 3arajn>Hy aeKiia- 
pauiK) npaB jik>,hhhh, MixcHapooHHH naicr npo eKOHOMiim, couiajiBHi i 
tcyjibTypHi npaBa, MiKHapoflHHH naicr npo rpoMaaaHcwd i nojriraHHi npaBa 
Ta OaKj'JibTaTHBHHH npoxoKOJi flo MbKHapoaHoro naicry npo rpoMaaaHCbici 
i noJiiraHHi npaBa, 

^paroMaHOB qinco ycBiaoMmoBaB, mo cycniiibHHH nporpec — uenocry- 
najibHHH po3BHTOK cycniJibCTBa. BiH noBmcno noajjiHB rerejnBChKy ayMKy 
npo Te, mo icTopis — He npocro cyMa 3MiH, a nporpec b ycBinoMJieHHi 
cboSojh, b sncoMy crape e (pynaaMeHTOM ana hobofo. CaMe reremBCbKe 
po3yMiHHH Toro, mo "BcecBiTHS ieropifl e nporpec b ycBinoMJieHHi cboQo^h, 
— nporpec, jdcmh mh noBHHHi ni3HaTH b Horo Heo6xinHOCTi" ! , — xapax- 
repHe He TinbKH ajih ^paroMaHOBa-icropHKa, a ft iva. .UparoManoBa hk 
reopeTHKa npaBa. I ocKiubKH nporpec ni3HaHHH i npaKTHKH — npouec 6e3KO- 
hcihuh, to i npaBa jdo^hhh, i cbo6o^h ocoSh He MO)K>Tb 6\th BinnaHem hk 
moct He3MiHHe. Bohh nocriftHo BaocKOHajnoioTbCH i po3BHBaioTbcH Biano- 
Bijmo ao piBHS m3HaHHX i npaKnnHa'i aiHJibHocTi jhojihhh ; . ripoxe cyrb 
Uboro iHcrmyTy sajnimacTbCH He3MiHH0K>, hk HesMiHHOK) e caMa npHpoaa 
mojnaai. 

IlpaBa jno^HHH, aid, 3a cboim 3Mictom, e thmh >k npaBaMH oco6h i npa- 
BaMH rpoMa/WHHHa, — ne CKJiajne i 6araTorpaHHe hbhuic, i bhpo6hth Taice 
iXHf lopmuraie BH3HaieHHH, HKe 6 aaeicBaTHo BHpaxcajio ixhio cyrb, — 
saBaamiH Henence. ToMy, He B^aioHHCb y TeopeTHHHHH aHajih iiboro npa- 
boboto iHCTHT\Ty, BaaaerbCH mosoihbhm BBa>KaTH MbKHapojmy xapiiio 
npaB jnoaHHH \'3arajn>HeHHM BHpa»ceHHHM pesyjibTaTiB posBHTKj cbjtoboi 
npaBOBoi' .ayMKH 3 flaHoi* npo6jieMH. Bo, hk 3a3Haiae B. C. Hepcecamx, 
cynacHa nocranoBKa nHTamifl npo npaBa jno;uinn — npn bcul cboih hobhiid 

H OC06jIHBOCTflX, 3VM0BJieHHX HHHiimtiM piBHCM i XapaKTepOM CBiTOBOI 

UHBiiri3anii, — cnnpacTbca Ha 6araTHfi nonepejHifl aocBia. moacTBa \ I TaK 
caMo, hk y eBponencbidH npaBOBiii ayMm, iaea npaB raojaoni carae cboim 



'41 



KopiiiHHM b amrnnoiH cbit, npoTe cynaciie noHaiTfl "npaB momam", B3jrre 
y umpoKOMy po3VMinHi i ocHOBaHe Ha npHHimnax piBHonpaBHocri JDoae 
nepeK cycntntcTBOM i 3aKOH0M, cioiajiocb jiHiue y XVII-XV1II ct. '. 

B jTq>aiHCbidH npaBOBtfi ayMiD iaei ctocobho OKpeMHX npaB Ta cbo6o^ 

JnOOTHH BHCyBaJlH B CBOIH TBOpHOCTl iBaH BHineHCbKHH, TpHTOpiH CKOBO- 

pojia, iHini MHCjnrrejii. TpyHTOBHa po3po6Ka Bo>oro iHCTHTyTy npaB mom- 
mi aK KOMroieKcy nomnraHHX, eKOHOMiiroix, coniajn>Hiix, HanioHaJibHiix Ta 
k) t jh>t>phhx npaB Ta CBoSoa, opraraiHe noc,nnaHHH icropmHUX Ta Hauio- 
HaJitHnx ipajamiff ^icpaiHCbKoro Hapojj 3 nocmieHHHMH cbitoboi npaBO- 
Boi^yMKH HajiexoiTb MnxattnoBi /(paroMaHOBy. B floro npanax 3HaxoanMo 
nocnjianna a 60 H rpjuTOBHHti aHajri3 Taicnx npaBOBnx aKriB, mo crajm 
eranHHMH y (popujyBaHHi CBrroBoi npaBOBoi ayMKH ctocobho npaB jboahhh, 
fan: aHrmHcbici BejmKa Xap™ BojibHocTefi (1215), rieTHiua npo npaso 
(1628), Biiun, npo npaBa (1628), Faoeac Kopnyc Akt (1679), aMepHKaHcwci 
.Hexjiapania npaB Bip.n>KHHii (12 HepBHH 1776), fleKJiapanii! He3ajieHCH0cri 
CnojiyqeHHx IllTaTiB AMepHKii (4 jbuthh 1 776), Kohcthtjuw CLLIA (1 787), 
Eiiun> npo npaBa (1789-1791), <})paHixy3bKa ^eKJiapauia npas jhoohhh i 
rpoMaaamma (1789). Ha 4)opMyBaHHH nonwaiB ./JparoMaHOBa Ha npaBa 
jikxhhhh Maim BruniB npaui r.rpoLua, E.CniH03H, /4.JToKKa, LU.MoHTecK'e, 
T.,H>Ke<JiepcoHa, ma po3po6njiH panjoHanicTHHHy Teopiio npnpojmoro npaBa 
\ 1 poiVMiHua T. TpoirieM nepjKaBH hk nocKOHanoi cniJiKH BinbHHX jnoaeft, 
CTBopenoi 3HJUIX aoTpHMaHHH npaB i 3arajn>Hoi KopHcri ( , noBHicno cniB- 
3ByiHe 3 rpoMaaiBCTBOM JlparoMaHOBa, 60, BJiacHe, sanepeneHHH aepxcaBH 
y .UparoManosa He aocTpaKTHO-aHapxiiHe, a KoracpeTHO-icTopiniHe. 
flepacaBa, sac BJiacnicTb uapa i qmjoBHHKiB, aep>KaBa, hk 3aci6 rHo6jieHH9 
oflHoro Hapoay iHniHM, hihooko Boposca i Hyata MHCiHTejieBi, jxepymasa, hk 
crajnca bLilhhx jnoaefi i rpoMaa — fioro iaeaji. 

npiriiHHTTaM Ct8t\ty OpraHi3anii 06'ciwaHHX Haujfi 26 icpBHH 1 945p. 
y CaH-<t>paHUHCKO ycniiiiHo 3aBepinHJiHCb svchjum HapoaiB ceity moao 
CTBopeHHJi opraHisauu, cimiao 3 uuiefi hkoi crajio 3flifiCHeHHH MUKHapojjHoi 
craBnpaui "b 3aoxoHVBaHHi i po3BHTKV noBara no npaB hjoahhh i ochobhhx 
CBoeoaaia Bcix, He3ajie»CHO BiapacH, CTaTi, mobh i pemrii" 7 . IlpaBa i CBoGoflH 
mommi — ue cninbHe HaaGaraw jnoacbKoi ttHBLiisanii. BaraTo HapoaiB 
BHecjio cbIh nocnjibHHfi BKJiaa y po3bhtok uboro iHCTHTyry. B cuny 
icTopHiHHX o6craBHH VKpaincbKHH Hapoaao fioro posBHTKy cnpjraHHHBca 

He3piBH3HH0 MeHUlOIO MipOK), Hi* (ppaHir>'3bKHH, aHTJlifiCbKHH HH aMq)H- 

KancbKHH, ocKinbKH noiaTKofio po3BHT0K iHCTHTVTy npaB jnojniHH 

3JBHCHIOBaBCSl B HaniOHa.1bHOMJ' 3aKOHOaaBCTBi, XOia 3Ha>jeHHfl aCHKHX 3 
HHX aKTlB He OOMe»CyBaJIOCb lXHbOIO K)pHHHHHOK) o60B'H3KOBiCTK) y neBHHX 



1 



42 






nauioHajn.HHx npaBoeux cncreMax. Bohh cnpwum po3bhtky cycmnbHoi 
cBinoMocTi b ummx Kpamax. Ta BHecoK Kpain, ao aaiaay hkhx y pi3HHfi mc 
bsojouih VKpaiHCbKi 3eMJii, y posbhtok npaB Ta cBo6oaawaHHH npaKTHHHO 
BiacyraiH. OaHaK y Ti nepioan, kojih yicpaiHCbKHH Hapoa 3ao6yBaB cbok> 
jepsKaBHicxb a6o, npHHaHMHi, aBTOHOMiro, mume b YKpa'tHi HanioHaatHe 
laKOHojiaBCTBo t niOTBepflsceHHSM Toro, mo npo6jieMi npaB jnoaHHH 
npwjjisjiacb HajiejKHa VBara. Biabuie Toro, HaBiTb y Ti nepioflH, kojoi 
MqjaiHCbKHHHapoflTiJibKH 6opoBcs 3a cboc HauioHan.Hc BH3BoaeHHH, npaBa 
jnoaHHH He riJibKH He BiaKiiaajnicb, aae h cTaBHjmcb sac oaHa 3 uLnefi 
6opoTb6H. ilciqpaBHM npniuiaaoM uboro Moacyn 6yra aoicyMeHTH Khphjio- 
Me<J)oaiiBCbKoro 6paTCTBa ', YniBepcajin UempanbHoi Paan ', njunxJiopMa 
YKpaiHCbKO] ronoBHoi BjnBoabHoi Paan K . 

3aKOHOMipHOK> c h VBara ao npaB jhohhhh 3 6okv Mnxafiaa flparo- 
MaHOBa «k ojmoro 3 BHaaTroix npeacTaBHHKiB yKpaiHCbKoi npasoBo'i : jjvmkh 
XIX ct. BnBqaioqH npaBOBy cnaauoiHy MHCjnrrena Ta 3icTaBJunoqH floro 
norjimcH Ha npaBa jdoahhii 3 MiscHapoaHoio XapTiero npaB jnoantoi, 
30KpeMa 3 IlaKTaMH npo eKOHOMi™, coniaJibHi Ta KynbTypm npaBa Ta npo 
rpoMa^smcbid i nojriTHHiti npaBa, sod hk MiJKHapoaHi aoroBopn c 060- 
b'h3kobhmhot« YKpaiHH i Ha skhx noBHHHO 6a3VBaTHCb i p03BHBaniCb Hani- 
oHajibHe 3aKOHO aaBCTBO, — MoaceMo 3po3VMiTH He TijibKH npaBOBi nonuiaH 
^paroManoBa, fioro craBaeiww ao npaB jnoaHHH, a fl tojiobhi TeHneHnii, 
xapaKTepHi ana p03BHTKy yKpamcbKoi npaBOBoi ayMKH, Bpaxyaa™ ix y 
nponeci npaBOTBopHocri, opraHRHo nocjmyioqn MijKHapoaHHii aocBia i3 
HauioHajibHHMH Ta icTopiraHHMH TpaanniaMH VKpaincbKoro Hapoay. 

PoarJWaaroHH TBopnicn. ^paroMaHosa, cma naM'araTH fioro Baame 
jacrepesceHHsnpo Heo6xiaHtcn> niaxoay ao Toro mi unnoro ftoro TBepasKCHHa 
TuibKH shc ao oaHoro 3 acneKTiB uiaicHoi chctcmh " . U,e aKTyanbHo i npn aHani3i 
norjiaaiB MHcaHTeaa Ha npaBa Ta cBo6oan jnoaHHH. Y ,/JparoMaHOBa HeMa 
npaui, b saw 6n Bin chctcmho i noBHo BmcaaB cboc p03;iniHHa iHcnrryry 
npaB jnoaHHH, BoaHOiac HeMa b Hfcoro ncoaHoi icTopipmoi hh ny6ainHCTMMHoi 
npani, b saw BiH 6h He TopicaBca tux hh unmix npaBicBo6oa JnoaHHH. B»;e b 
nepranx cboix HayKOBHX po3BiaKax, Taiaix sk "iMnepaTop TiSepifi", 'TIpo 
cTaHOBrane jiohkh b nepinoMy croaiTTi PHMCbKoi iMnepii'", 3anepeqyToqn 
TpaimniHHHH noraaa Ha icTopiio CTapoaaBHboro Phmv, flparoinaHOB 
nepeKOHiMBO aoBoajiTb, mo Ha xia icTopuMHoro po3bhtkv BenHKHH BnaHB 
Maao po3nmpeHHJi Ta 3MinHenHa npas moatiHH, "OraswaioHH BaaacHH nijwx 
Jnoaeti ao BcecTopoHHboro i BijibHoro po3BHncy aioacbKoi oco6hctocti, 
icTopnK BiaHocHTbCH 6jiaropoaHo ao Bcboro, mo posinnpioe CBo6oaj' oco6n, 
"fflM 6h boho ne 6vjio noKjnncaHo" a . TaKOMy norjisaoBi Ha npHHHHH 



41 






cycnim>Horo nporpecy, Ha npaB a jnoaHHH hk ojsjad 3 ochob io>oro nporpecy 
^paroMaHOB 3ajnnnHBca biphhm ao Kinua schttji, mo acicpaBo sacfiianye 
o6ipBaHa cMepTK) MHCJDrrejia npaua, BHaaHa nisraine iBaHOM fl>paHKOM ma 
Ha3Boio "Orapi xapiii bojibhocth", b awn aBTop npocmiocoByc BHrnncHeHHa 
Ta p ojbhtok noiwrb npaB jnoaHHH, cBoSoan, ptBHocri nepea 3aKOHOM '-' . Uio 
yBary ao npaB jnoaHHH maKpecaiOBaJBi i aocjnaHHKH TBopHOCii flparoMaHoBa. 
Tax, iBaH <t>paHKo b craTri, npHCBaHemH BHCBhaeHHio noraaaiB .ZJparoMa- 
HOBa, nncaB: "JIi6epairi3M ^paroManoBa ocHOBVBaBca Ha nepea ycboro Ha 
umpoKo BianyTHX npaBax JnoacbKoi oaHHHui, Ha aBTOHOMii ocoShctocti, Ha 
CBo6oai cjioBa i ayMKH" l4 . TaKoi tk ayMKH aoTpHMyBaBca imnHH aocjriaHHK 
TBopiocri flparoMaHOBa — toaH JlHcaK-PyaHHLtbKHH, KOTprai BBaacaB, mo 
"ueHTpaabHoro tohkoio i BHsnaiajiBHHM (paicropoM nojriTHHHoro CBiToraaay 
/IparoManoBa e "ai6epaJibHa iaea", BH3HaqaK>HH "jri6epajri3M /^paroMaHOBa 
hk aoKxpHHy npo Te, ino CBo6oaa i rianicTb jnoaHHH e HafiBHinHMH 
uiHHocTHMH. B nojjiTHqHOMy imam ue noB'«3aHo, b nepiny nepry, 3 
poiHXHpeHHHM Ta 3MiuHeHHaM npaB oco6h" '\ 

y "IlepeaHtoMy cjiosiao 'TpoMaan" /JparoMaHOB, BH3HaHaK>HH rojioBHi 
sacaan cycnuibHoro ycrpoio, raaKpecmoBaB, "mo fi rpoinaaa noTpi6Ha jnoaaM 
TinbKHaira Toro,mo6Ko»cHOMy 6yao aKHafunnme. 3Ha«mrb, i rpOMaaa TuibKH 
Toaj 6yae MHJia KOMKHOMy, kojih Bona He HesojiHTb Hhcoro: 6yTH b mfi hh He 
6yra. I rpoMaaa Mycmt 6yTH cnuncoio bihbhhx oci6" li . CaMe y MaiccHMa JibniH 
rapaHTOBaHOCTi npaB jnoaHHH, b MOJKJiHBocTi u caMopeani3auii ^paroMaHOB 
B6anaB 3anopyKy cycirijn>Horo nporpecy. H iaeanoM nporpecy, BBajKaB BiH, 
noBHHHa 6yro "noBHa bojm koschoi oco6h", aKa "3aBuie 30CTaHeTbca njjijno 
Bcix nopaatciB, ih no Maimx, hh no bcjihkhx cnirncax" l7 . A oorinbKH "nocHUbHe 
i nocrynoBe BaocKOHajieHHa MoxcniBe i HaasHe b aaHOMy cBiii", to "iaeaa i 
6axaHHa aocKOHajiocxi b Matt6yTHbOMy He noBHHm bccth ao 6aHay!KocTi ao 
tofo, mo po6Hn>ca Tenep, a HasnaKH nocHjnoBaTH 6aacaHHa MoscinBoro 
naf>.imKciiHa aJHCHoro *HTTa ao aanra iaeaabHoro" 1S . 3buch Taica yBara 
/^paroMaHOBa ao npoGjieM KOHCTHTyniHHoro saKpinaeHHa npaB jnoaHHH, 
aocarHeHHa noniTHHHoi CBo6oan Ta aeneHTpajmaijii PociflcbKoi iMnepii aK 

nepiDHX KpOMB ao aOCHTHCHHa nOIBTHIHOrO Ta HaniOHaJIbHOrO BHSBOJieHHfl 

yKpaiHCbKoro Hapoay , «Ke e Heo6xiaHOK> yMOBOio noBHOTH Ta rapaHTOBaHocri 
npas jnoaHHH. 3aaeKJiapyBaBraH me b MariCTepcbKJH ancepTauii cboc Kpeao 
icTopHKa-eBOjnoHioHicTa, Bin rriaKpeanoBaB, mo "tltbkh Bipa b nporpec, npn 
Bcifi crporocTi iaeany, paTye aioaHHy Bia necnMi3My , Bia ninaHHoi MiaaHTporrii, 
i HaBiae MiparH iac i oci6 MipKOK) BiaHOCHoi aocKOHajiocii, BJiacHe icro- 
PH^hoio . Iaea nporpecy, Ha ayMKy MHCJiHTejia, He TiabKH p 036naa iaeamsaniK) 
MHHyjioro i aajia MOKJDfflicn> cnoiciHHO BiaHOCHTHCb ao cyHacHocri, ajie h 






3acxaBHJia aocjiiaHHKa icxopii poiBHTicy Hapoay i JHOflcraa 3arJm6jnoBaTHCb 

V BH>TpilIIHi npOTHHH iciOpWMUX SBHm i 3M1H — KyjIbTypHHX, OCOHOMiHHHX, 

coinajibHHX, noiriTHHHKx, i, TaKHM hhhom, nocjia6nna noHSTra npo Bimaii- 
KOBicrb b icTopii a6o npHnHcyBaraw oco6aM 6Lra>nioro 3HaieHHH, m« bohh 
BiajrpajiH b aJficHocri. Tim.™ 3 npn3HaHHHM inei nporpecy nprnHamw neBHoi 
npaBUJiLHocri i BtunoBiaHocri ao 3aKoraB b ictophthmx HBumax 3Hafnnjio ana 
ce6e TBepjoni rpyHT" 1S . 

CaMa iaea nporpecy Hepo3pHBHo noB'ssana 3 npaBaMH MoaHHH. PHMCbKa 
iMnepk 6yna nporpecHBHoio nopiBHHHO 3 PecnyoiriKoio TOMy, mo bohb 3Harao 
po3imipK)Ba.7a moaabKi npaBa wm sorrejiiB Bcid iMnepii, Hasixb nonpn Te, mo 
nopyn 3 uhm o6Me*yBaJiHcb neBHi npaBa caMiix phmjihh. CaMe PHMCbKa 
iMnepiu — 3 ii npaBnanoio ryMaHrrapHoio i KocMonojEimHoio CHereMoio, 
cToraHOio (piaococjiiao, ocbItoio, possHHyiBM 3aKOHoaaBcraoM, nojnnmeHHHM 
aoai paSiB, aocarHeHHHM HOHKaMH npaBOBoi piBHOcri 3 HOJioBbcaMH, nocry- 
oobum po3inHpeHHSM MicneBHX npaB i caMOBpaayBaHHa rpoMaa i npoBiHHjfi 

— e thm rriarpyHraM, Ha hkomv po3BHBacn,ca noHHTra CBo6oan i npaB jho- 
hhhh. flparoMaHOB sanepciye xe3y MoHTecac'e npo Te, mo cBo6oaa 3apo annacb 
y repManobKHX mcax, mo BapBapn 6yjm hocihmh CBo6oaH i ryMairi3My. Ha 
flVMKy .UparoMaHosa, HaBnaKH, 3 po3bhtkom UHBijn3auii po3BHBaioTbca i 
noHaTra cBo6oan Ta npaB jhoahkh. I saKOHoMipHHM e "bieihb pHMcwcoro 
npaBa Ha Hose 3aicoHoaaBCTBo... Uefi biwhb posnoBcioaHBca He tijibkh Ha 
apepy npHBarao-np sbobhx bIiihochh, ajie BiaoMo, mo pHMCbKe npaBO cnpnano 

p03KJiaaOBl (JjeO^aJIbHHX BiaHOCHH J' HOB1H GfepOni, 3, OT»te, BCTaHOBJieHHFO 

aep*-aBHHx bIuhochh Ha ocHosax piBHocri Bcix BepcTB HaceneHHa nepea aep- 
acaBHoio BJiaaoio" x . 

CaMe cpaxoBi cTvaii 3 icxopii CTapojiaBHboro Phm>', mnpoKa o6i3HanicTb 
i3 aocarHCHHaMH nepeaoBoi npaBOBOiajMKH, peajibHe Horns PociHctKoi iMnepii 

3 U CaMOaepjKaBHO-HHHOBHHUtKOIO flq)»CaBH010 MaiHHHOIO, «K3 He TiUbKH He 

BH3Hasajia acoaHHX npaB jiiojdmhh, a h 6yjia cnpaBSKHboio 'twpmoio HapoaiB", 

— npHBenH J^paroMaHOBa ao Heo6xiaHOCTi npani b Hapum moacbKHX npaB i 
cBo6oa. CaMe npaBa jnoanHH 6yjni rojioBHHM nymrroM piiny^oi 6opoTb6n 3 
TojrimHiMH pociHCBKHMH* peBOJiiouiHHHMH rypTKaMH , aid npaBa jnoaHHH 
iraopyBajiH. Y CBoeMy JiHCTi 3 kphthkok) Ta 3ayBa»ceHHaMH Ha "flporpaMy 



* Tyr, kk i b iHUiiix Biina^Kax y uiii po6oti. nousrat PociT '■podiicbKHiT' BSKHBantcsi He b 
po^yMiHHi o3HaneHHH pocificiKoro Hapofly hh eTHi>o«lx pocificutHX 3eMejn., as tom>' p03yMiHHi. 
» HKoMy b/kiibhh floro i /JparoHaHOB, «KJlfi niwcpecjliOBaB. mo "Pociii — He Hapoa. a aepacaBa 
3i 3MJHHHMH KopaoHaMH. Tauoio jk 6yjia i Ilojibma — HKa ocTasiina nicjui ce6e b cboIh 6ui!>uiiH 
faenmi He napOA noatCbKHn. a cran". (Ahb.: Jlpazomtmoe MM. BHHMaHHK couHanHCTOB — 
JMMrpaHTOB H3 Pocchh. JKeHeBa, 1880. C.2.). 



-15 



VKpaiHuiB couiajiicTiB cpeaepamcTiB", HaaicjiaHOMy y JKeHeBy, .UparoMaHOB 
lmcaB: "^yaceBJKe 6araTo roBOpHTbcsnpo HaiuoHanbrncn ... a 30BciM He 
roBopHTbCJt npo n p a B a a K) a H h h i rpoMaaaHHHa, KOTpi ecn> 
e^HHa MiuHa niacTaBa Bcix iHiirax... IJe eaHHa romca, KOTpa He aacrb 
36HTHCb b 3aKoyjnai rocyaapcTBeHHOcTi, Hapo^HH^ecTBa i T.i." :i . 3buch i 
KpHTH^ne CTaBJieHHH JJparoMaiioBa ao aJH Ta BHCJioBJUoBara, aesnaix 
yKpaiHCbKiix, y tomv «dicjd i ram-mbicHX, noniTHiHHX Ta rpoMaacbKHx 
aianiB, soce floro onoHeHTH Ta ni3Hiini aoariaHHicH floro TBopiocri noMHJi- 
kobo noTpaicryBajiH hk irHopyBaHHH nauioHaiibUHX npoOneM, "o6me- 
pycH3M", SafiayxticTb ao npoGjieMH HauioHajibHoi aepacaBHoeri. 

Ha Ham norcraa, Tyr cma BpaxyBam aejnci cyTTesi momchth, 6e3 hkhx 
HeMowJiHBa rtpaBHTbHa oluhku norasaJB ,%>aroMaHOBa. rio-neprne, ace 
HanHcaHe .flpanmaHOBHM ao 1 876 p., tooto ao floro Bin'3ay 3a KopaoH, — 
Haraicane rpoMaaaHHHOM PociflcbKoi iMnepii, i so: JioajibHHfl rpoMaasHHH 
aepacaBH /JparoMaHOB He tLibkh aoTpHMyBaBca 3aKOHiB uiei aepacaBH, 
He3BaacaioHH na Te, ao6pi bohh hh hi, ajie fl 6yB, 6e3cyMHiBHo, Ha 6oui 
CBoei aepacaBH y BHnaaKax a KOHfpmKxy in BHHHKneHHH cnipHHX mrraHb 3 
iHinHMH aepxasaMH. TaKoi w no3Hnii aoTpHMyBaxracb npeacTaBHHKH 
yKpaiHCbKoi iHTemreHuji b TajDraHHi, 3 Tiero TiiibKH BiaMumicmo, mo bohh 
6yjra rpoMaaaHaMH ABcrpo-yropcbKoi MOHapxii. Toac y npanax, Harmca- 
hhx y nepioa nepe6yBaHHa y criHax KmBCbKoro yHisepcHTery, He BapTO 
inyKaTH socnxocb BiaBeprax 3aKjnodB ao 6opon6H 3 Pociflcbxoio aepacaBoio 

HH, HaBlTb, HKHXOCb aHTHpOCiHCbKHX HaCTpOlB. IlpO HC, 30 pCfl, iHKOJIH 

3a6ysaB caM .UparoinaHOB, kphthk>to>di n03Huiio BonoaHMHpa Ahtoho- 
BHHa Ta imnHx qjieHiB "KmBCbKoi TpoMaaH", snci i nicua BHi3ay flparoMa- 
HOBa 3a KopaoH 3ajBnnajmcb Ha aepacaBHifl cji> »<6i i BHMymeHi 6yjm aoTpn- 
MyBaracb 3aKOH\ i 6yrn jiosjibhhmh rpoMaaaHaMH Pocificbicoi iMnepii. 

FIoBara ao 3aKOHy e xapaxrrepHoK) aaa MaepiB yKpawcbKoro Hauio- 
Hajn>Ho-BH3BOJibHoro pyxy, hk npaBHJio, BHxiauiB h aBopaHCTBa Ta iHTe- 
jnreHHJi, a*ao nepuioi cbitoboi BiflHH. Oco6hhbo xapaKTepHHM ctocobho 
Hboro e npHKiiaa MHxaftna TpymeBCbKoro, skhh, npnixaBuiH 3 KHCBa, 
TpHBaaHfl nac o^ojnoBaB Ka<peapy y JIbBiBCbKOMy yHiBepcuTeTi i hkofo Ha 
noHa-ncy nepinoi cBiToBoi bjhhh aBCTpiflcbKi saacxi 3BHHyBaTHaH b 
aHraaep»caBHHx aiax Ha KopHCTb Pocii, npoxe 3MymeHi 6yjTH BiaKUHKaxH 
CBoi 3BHHyBaieHHa, ocidnbKH 3a Maftsce aBaauaTHpiqHHfi nepioa jkhtts y 
JlbBOBi TpymeBCbKHH HeaonycrHB xcoaroix aifl, aid 6 6vjih cnpaMOBaiii npora 
ABcrpo-yropcbKoi aepacaBH. 

Ua o6cTaBHHa Haa3BHHaflH0, Ha Haul norcwa, BaaoiHBa, oco6jdibo b 
HHHiHHrifi nepioa SyaiBmniTBa npaBOBoi aepscaBH b YKpaiHi, ocKiubKH 



4(, 



noicajye tv noBary ao 3aKOHy, flKOi CboroflHi, nicjia TpHBajioro 
icropHHHoro nepioay 6e33HKOHHa i cBaBijuia, 6paKyc y Hamifi aepacaBi. 
rpoMaasHHH noBHHeH Mara npaBo na cboi nepeicoHaHHs, Mara npaso 
MHpHO i'x BHCHOBmoBaTH. AJie ^ep*'aBa He liXMCB Mac npaBo, ajie i 
noBHHHa, b iffrepecax nepeBaacHoi 6inbinocTi cboix rpoMaaaH, piinyne 
npnnHH8TH 6yab-aKi cnpoGn niapnBy ii MoryTHocTi, aBTopHTeTy, 
cyBepemTeTy, tomv mo HenpaBHJibHO BHTJiyManeHe npaBo oaHiei jnoamm 
hu rpyim jnoaeft Moace o6epHyTHCb HeadHHeHHHMH MnrapcTBaMH ra 
3J»iiiHflMH ana nepeBascHoi 6ijibiiiocTi Hapoay. I tomv noTpi6Ho piinyqe 

Bi^KHHyTH npOCHaBJMHHa peBOJUOUiftHOI TaKTHKH, HKHMH 6 uijIHMH Ta 

npai'HCHHHMH na TaKTmca, mo 6a3yeTbca Ha Tepopi, na HenoBaii ao 
3aKOHy, ao npaB xa cBo6oa .hojhhh. He oGrpVHTOBVBairacb, ii, ak 
niaKpecjnoBaB AparoMaHOB, MoscHa 3p03yMiTH ft icTopHHHO 
o6rpyHTVBara, ane 3axonjnoBaracb Heio in BBaxara u npaBHJibHoio 
HeflonycTHMo. 

4p>thm BaaaiHBHM MOMeHTOM e Te, mo norjwan .UparoMaHOBa Ha ii 
™ iHiui npo6jieMH nocTiftHO po3BHBaJincb, eBOJUouioHjBaJiH, 3Mimo- 
Bajmcb. I ao cBoro BHnay b eMirparuia MHCHHTem, cneuiaJibHO VKpaiH- 
cbKHMH npofiJieMaMH niKaBHBca Majio. B jiHcxi ao "CTapoi rpoMann" 
bih nHcaB 3 Uboro npHBoay: "Si no BroBopy MaB nncara CTam' no CBpon. 
pemriHHHM nHTaHHSM [ana 'TpoMaan". — A.T.], a bck> VKpaiHOJioriio 
o6iuajin nncaTH cnemanicra , b KOTpHX a TinbKH xotib BHHTHCb «k 
uncojiap, nepeflTHM, «k MeHe BHOiaHo BHaaBara rp-ay" (2: '. I BoaHoiac, 
.UparoMaHOB niaKpecjnoBaB, mo ftoro aywKH i TBepa>KeHH8 He e icthhok) 
b ocTaHHii! iHCTaHiui, SiJibine Toro, bih 3aB>KaH totobhh 6>b posaiJmra 
nor.iaa onoHeHTa, y BHnaaKy, ajcmo tom 3Moace apryMeHTOBano nepeKo- 
nain iioro y cboih npaBori. B jDicri ao BiaoMoro HapoaoBctKoro aiaia 
MeniTOHa ByiHHCbKoro jJparoMaHOB nncaB: "Si BaM i nonepeay KasaB, 
mo ae npo mo 3aroBoproBaB TinbKH, mo6 o6MiHflrncb iaeaMH; ae mo 3 
Toro, mo Bh BHCKasann, a npnftHHB ao cepua, as Hanpiouiaa o HucqeM- 
Hocxi naHCJiaB'aHCbKiix iaen, y HKifi on to He 6\jio <popMi a.ia Hamoro 
lacy i TaKe iHme" r '. I npo6neMa nounrae He y TOMy, mo iaei' ^paroMa- 
HOBa 6ynH npaBHJibHHMH «ih HenpaBHntHiiMH hk ana CBoro ^acy ™ aaa 
Toro mh ironoro perioHy YKpaiHH, a y tomv, mo b nac, Ha skuh npimaaae 
TBopqicTb h aKTHBHa cycniJibHO-nojiiTHHHa aianbHicTb flparoMaHOBa, b 
yKpaiHi He 6yjio 6inbine rpoMaacbKoro aiaia i TeopeTHKa TaKoro 
BcevKpaiHCbKoro MaemTa6y i TaKoro iHTeJieKTya.ibHoro piBHa. sk BiH, 
mo yTpyaHKBano aia caMoro /tparoMaHOBa nponec BnpoSjieHHa i anpo- 
5aqn TeopenraHoro oGrpyHTVBaHHa umaxis HanioHajibHoro, nojiiTHH- 



47 



Horo, couiajibHoro Ta eKOHOMiinoro BH3BOJieHHa VKpaiHCbKoro Hapoay*. 
y 80-x poKax ^paroMaHOB 3 cvmom KOHCTaTVBaB, mo "b csoiSi aoBro- 
JiiTHiH noneMitri 3 pi3HHMH Ta6opaMH n m pa3y He 3ycrpiBca 3 npoTHBHH- 

KOM HMKOM CVMJliHHHM, TOOTO TaKHM, HKHH 6h BIIK-"iaB npail,lIIBO MOl 

.ayMKH, Ta noTiM i 36hb 6h ix cboimh apryMeHTaMii, oco6jihbo tyaKmt- 
hhmh. Hi, — MeHi aoJM nocmiajia 3aB«jui Taxiix npOTHBHHKiB, jnci noHH- 
HajiH 3 Toro, mo nepeKpyryBajm cemhm 6e3u.epeM0HHHM cnoco6oM moi 
HVMKH, a 3aiciH»iyBajm HaKJienaMH Ha mow oco6y. Mem no^BiflHo cyMHo 
ue, 60 a xotib 6h caM HOMy-He6ynjb hsbihthcs y moix npoTHBHHKiB, ajie a 
BTiuiaio ce6e thm, mo 3Hawn> cnpaBa, axifi a cjiyncy, cnpaBeainiBa, kojih 
npoTH Hei He 3HaHHmocji 3a ctijilkh poiciB cyMiriHHoro npoTHBHHKa"". 
.floaaMo, mo ft mow CMepri MHCJorrejia Taicoro npoTHBHraca He 3HaHiniioca 
i nrnxoim w floro TBopqocri sajnnnajiHCb Hacro ti xc caini, mo i b ono- 
HeHTiB 38 HCHTTH flparoMaHOBa. 

Ilo3a bchkhmh cyMHiBaMH, cboimh nonuwaMH Ha npasa jhojihhh ,Hpa- 
roMaHOB pi3K0 Biapi3HaBca Bm OLTbinocTi tczdiuhix vKpaiHCbKHX rpoMaa- 
cbKHX i noJiiTH'mHX jDJPiiB, Bij npeacTaBHHKiB peBOjnoHiHHHX Teqifi, Bin, 
noMipKOBaHHX pocificbKHx jri6epaniB 3axumocBponeficbKoro Tuny. I cbo- 
imh nonmaaMH Ha npaBa jdoothh, jnci 6yjm opraHiiHHM noeflHaHHaM 
nojiiTHHHHx Ta rpoMaaancbKHx npaB jno.ajiHH, nporojiomemix (ppamrysb- 
kok) fleicnapauiao npaB inoflHHH i rpoMaaaHHHa Ta aMepincaHCbKHM Biji- 
jicm npo npaBa, comaabHHX Ta eKOHOMiHHiix npaB, jnci craBmia b ueHTpi 
cBod 6opoTb6H 3axiaHoeBponeHci,Ka cotaaJi-aeMOKpaTis, Ta HamoHaJib- 
HiiMH npaBaMH npeflCTaBronciB ycix HapoaiB, 6e3 nofliny ix Ha icropHMHi 
Ta HeicTopHHHi, — flparoMaHOB He tuikkh BHJiBHBca Ha piBHJ CBoei' enoxn, 
a ft 3yMiB 3po6HTH CBifi BHecoK y cbItobv npaBOBy ^mkv, nepeKOHnnso 

HOB1BIUII, mo iHCTHTyT npaB JHOaHHH CTaHOBHTb CaHHHH KOMTUieKC, 5DCHH 

Biono^ae b ce6e nomTHHHi, rpOMajumcbid, couiaJibHi, eKOHOMiim, Hauio- 
HajibHi, KyjibTypni npaBa moaHHu. I BmcyrHicrb 6yab-9KHx i3 nepeniHeHHX 
npaB He tltmch oGMeacye npaBOBHfi craTyc oco6h, a ft HerairiBHO BiuniBac 
Ha cycniJibHHH po3bhtok, Ha nporpec cycniUbCTBa. I He BHna .UparoMa- 



* Cante ueii BcevKpai'HCbKHH Jtapaicrep aisjibiiocTi /JparoMaHOBa 6vb nasiP uu. in 
He6e3neiHHfi, HaayMKy aBcrpificbKnx BJiacrrefi- TaK, y 3B«pHeHHi ZJupeKuii" nojiiui'i y JlbBosi 
no npesiiflii' TanHUbKoro HawicHimTBa niflKpecnioBanocb. mo HceHeBCbKi BnaaHHS 
/IpaioMBHona. TOKpeMa "riHCbMo B.r.BejiKHCKoro k H.B.rorojno. C npeaucnoBiieM 
M.^paroMaHOBa" (}KeHeBa, 1880). Heo6xiaHO 3a6opoHHTH no po3noBCK>nxceHHii i 
KOH(|riCKyBaTH, OCKUIbKH BOHH 3aKHHKaK>Tb VKpaiHCbKHH inoano couiajibHOi i HauioHajibHCii 
6opoTb6H i "3BepTaMTbCJ! ho Jnoay pvcbKoro b FajiHiMHi, EyKOBHHi i VropmiiHi HK 
WTerpajibHoTHacrHHHyKpai'HCbKoroHapoaA'''.CIIiiB.:LUIlAyKpaiHHyJlbBOBi. (J).146.on.7, 
cnp.4395, apK.o-4; cTj.146. on.4. cnp.3687, apK. 56-59). 



4X 



HOBa, mo fioro w& Qyim noxoBam nia aorMaMH KJiacoBoi 6opoTi>6H Ta 
,TiiKTaTypH npojieTapiaTV. TLuhkh cboroaHi, kojdi yicpaiHCbKHH HapoaMOXte 

"jJCHTH no CBO'lH BOJli Ha CBOIH 3CMHJ" B , KOJDI KJiaCOBi LUHHOCT] T3 npiopH- 

tcth 3aMiHeni 3ai a.Ti.Ho.no ;ict,ktimii, jvmkh i3pai oMaiioBa nomimioTh 3Ha- 
xoaHTH cboc peanbue BTiTOHHa b Akii nporonoinenHfl nc3ajie»CHOCT) 
YKpaiHH, ^eiaiapauji'npaB nauioHanbHocTeH YKpaimi, imioix HopMaraB- 
hhx aKTaxHainoi" aepacaBK, I BUBieHHa TBopqoi cnaaniHHH /JparoMaHOBa 
joc ozworo 3 cpyHaaropiB Taicoro niaxoay CboroaHi oco6jotbo aicryaJibHe. 
Flpasa jooahhh y cycmjibHO-noJiiTHqHHX Ta aepJKaBHo-npaBOBHX noraa- 
aax MHxafijia /IparoMaHOBa c bhxxuhhm, 6a30BHM nonoxceHHHM, totkoio 
BiOTOcy, KaMq)TOHOM ripn noSyaoBi Bciei chctcmh aepaoBHOCTi. Yea cucre- 
ina aep:»caBHHx opraniB BianoBiaaTHMe iHTepecaM rpoMaaaHHHa jmuie Toai, 
KO.TH b ochobv aepwaBHoro 6yaiBHHUTBa 6yayn» 3aKJiaaeni npaBa i cbo6o- 
im jnoflHHH, HaaBHicTb skhx c 3anopyx"oio nporpeaiBHoro p03BHTKy 
cycniubCTBa. Iaea csoooan, b aparoMaHOBCbKOMy pcmMiHHi, He aScrrpary- 
rrbcfl BiHTepeci neBHoicoLuajrbHoirpynH — Knacy hh nauji, — apoirjiaaa- 
cTbcs hk opraHiHHa noTpeoa JHoacbKoi' oco6hctocti. BoaHoqac, ana flparo- 
MaHOBa He ichvc anjieMH hh jiorMH — npiopHTeTnocTi npaB jnoaHHJi, npaso 
mojanm — npaBo Haiiiii. HaaBHicrb npaB jnoanHH e rapanroM yeninmoro 
posBHTKy nanii i, HaBnaKH, CBo6oaa nauii, n aepacaBHicTb creopioe Hane»Mi 
vmobh ana ycnirnHoro rapaHTVBaHHa Ta 3axHcry npaB i CBo6oa jdozchhh. 
SanepeHyioHH aepxaBHuii Jiaa PocincbKoi iMnepii, BHcrynaioHH 3 rocTpoio 
KpHTHKOK) npaBOBHX nopaaiciB b ABCTpo-YropcbKiH iMnepii, ^IparoMaHOB, 
Boanoqac, npeicpacHO posvMiB i nocriftHO niaKpecinoBaB pojn> Ta 3iiaieHH« 
aepjKaBH as rapaHTa npaB Ta cBo6oa jnoaHHH, i Heo6xiamcTb bhko- 

pHCTaHHH BCIX MOHCJDIBHX 3HKOHHHX MeTOflJB 6opOTb6H 3a pOJIUHpeHHa Ta 

iMiUHCHHH npaB i cso6oa JiioaHHH. 

/l-Tii J^paroMaHOBa npaBa Ta cbo6oah jhoahhh — 3arajn>H0JiK>acbKa 
UiHHicTb, y flocarHeHHi i 3axncri skoi, Ha fioro ay'MKy, noBHHui 6>th oana- 
kobo 3auJKaBJieHi bci, xto nparae cycniabHoro nporpecy. 



2. CBoGoaa Hapoay — cBo6o.ua .hoihiim 

"Yci Hapoan MaioTb npaso Ha caM0BH3HaieHHa. Ha niacTasi uboro npaBa 
bohh BijibHo BCTaHOBnioioTb CBifi nomTHHHHH CTaTyc i BurbHO 3a6e3ne- 

HYTOTb CBJH eKOHOMilHHH, COUiaJILHHH i KVJIbT>'pHHH pO3BHT0K" M , — T3K 

aocomoTHO totojkho noiHHaioTbCH aBa rojioBHHX aoKVMeHTH 3 Mi»aia- 
poaHoi" XapTii npaB jnoarani: MiacHapoaHHH naKT npo eKOHOMJHHi, conj- 



' v> 



ajibm i KyjEbiypm npaBa Ta Mi*HapoaHHii naKT npo rpoMaa»HCbKi i no.ii- 
nnmi npaBa, mo cBiawrb npo ixnc 3Ha<ieHHs b iHCTHryri npaB momma, 
IlpaBo HapoatB Ha caMOBrnHaHeraw HaJieaam. ao Tax 3BaHMx KOJiekTHBHHX 
npaB, todto fioro oTpHMve ncBHa couianbHa cniabHicTb. IlpaBo HapoaiB 
Ha caMOBHJHaqeHHH — (pv-HaaMeHTaabHe npaBo y tom) po3 yMiHiri, mo boho 
jiescnTb b ochobi iHaHBiayaJibHHX npaB, to6to thx npaB, sad HaaaioTbCH 
lHaHBiay «k TaKOMy. I cnpaBai, Haaamra i KopHCTVBaHHa iHauBJayaJibHHMH 
npaBa.MH 6yae TinbKH Toai Mara ceHC, kojih Hapoa, ao sncoro HajieacHTb 
ueft injuiBia, Bi.Tbfnrfi i BnpaBi posnopaaacaTHCb cbooso aoiieio Ha CBifi 
po3cya. ilKmo a; Hapoaosi BiaMOBJieno y ubOMy npaBi, to Bci iHanBiaya.TbHi 
npaBa 6ya\Tb (jnKiuao ". Up npeiqpacHO ycBiaoMJnoBaB .UparoMaHOB, skhh 
ninKpeanoBaB, mo "6e3nepeiHo, vKpaiHiii 6araTo crparanH qepes re, mo 
B xi ia ch , Komi 6inbina HacTMna imirnx nop oa JnoacbKHX b CBponi cKTaaajm 
CBoi nepacaBH, im He aoseaocb Toro 3pooHTH. inc TaM He ecrb, a cBoa 
aepacaBa, «m no Bom, hh no HeBOJii 3Jio>KeHa, 6yjia h aoci me ecib aaa 
jnoaefi cni:iKOK) 3aaira o6opoHH cede ot qyXHX i 3aana BnopaaKyBaHHa 
cboix cnpaB Ha cboih 3eMJii no cboih bojii" s , Tomv, po3nwaaio , ra npo6aeMy 
npaB JnoaHHH, /^paroMaHOB ticho noB'a3ye ii n cBo6oaoio Hapoa) '• JLts 
Hboro He icHyc awieMH: a6o CBoSoaa JnoaHHH, a6o CBo6oaa Hapoa)', — y 
npaBOBifi CHCTeMi .UparoinaHOBa oaHe 6es imnoro He icHye fi icHyBara He 
Mosce. I aoTH, aoKH He 6yae bui.hi im Hapoa, He Moxna roBopimi npo bojik> 
oKpeMoi JnoaHHH. HanpHKJiaa, ) cboih nojiiTHKo-coniaJibHiH nporpaMi 
"Bojn>HbiH CoK)3"-"BiJibHa Cnimca" tojiobhhm laijaamiaM ^paroinaHOB 
craBHTb "po6oTy aaa nojriTBHHoro, eKOHoMiHHoro i KyjibTypHoi o bhsbo- 
jichhh Ta po3BHTKv yicpaiHCbKoro Hapoay" B , I aajri b ujh ace npaui BiH 
HaBoanii) rpyHTOBHHH nepejQK npas JnoaHHH. Heo6xiaHicTb aonoBHemM 
ocHOBiiiix npaB JnoaHHH, TaKHx hk piBHicTb ycix nepea 3aKOHOM, BuibHHH 
Bn6ip Micua npojKHBaHHa, csoooaa caoBa Ta imni, me fi npaBaMH Hapo;i\ 
niaKpecjnoe j^paroMaHOB i y "BcrynHOMy cjiosi ao 'TpoMaan" 1878 p.", 
ae, 30KpeMa, sasHanae: "HaM vKpaiHuaM, Tenep Tpeoa aonosKHTH ao thx 
ochobhhx npaB me i Bomo kojkhoi nopoan jnoacbKoi, a TaKoac rpoMaan fi 
KpaiHM, toSto BLTbHocTi cpeaepajibHi" M , 

IlpaBo Ko*Horo Hapoa)" Ha caM0BH3Ha^eHH8, caMOOieBHaHe b apyrifi 
nojiOBHHi XX ct., 6yjio aajieno He t3khm y mhhvjiomy crrojiiiTi. I cnpaBa 
T\T ne TLibKH b iMnepiHX, hki, niaKopHBuni 6araTo HapoaiB, 6vjdi aanera 
Bia 3amKaBJieHH3 ) po3BHTK) KOJKHoro Hapoa) ', fioro mobh, KyjitTypH, a 
thm 6im>me nojriTHHHoi cBiaoMocri. T\t aotrraTHbo iraaara xona 6 3a6o- 

pOHV pOCiHCLKHM VpaaOH BJKHB3HHa caiB "YKpaiHa", ")Tq)aiHCbKHH" , 

'TeTbMaHmHHa", "Cn". A fi Taxi TeopexmcH npasoBoi ayMxn, hk JIokk, 



50 



MoHTecK'c, Pycco Ta imni, 6yjm npeacTaBHHKaMH, a oTxce, i BHpa u u ik;i \:i: 
iHTepeciB BejmKHx i MorvTHix napoaiB — (ppanuj 3bKoro, aHrmHCbKoro hh 
HJMeubKoro, — ana hkhx He icHysajio npoGjieMH 3 caM0BH3HaqeHHaM, 
ocKiJibKH y npoueci icTopHHHoro posBHTKV bohh CTBopiLTH MoryrHi Hauio- 
Ha.ibHi flep*aBH, HaBiTb, Suitine xoro, caMi * nparmaw ao "o^patmy- 
jKeHHa", "rqjMaHisauii" hu irauoi HawoHajrtHoi HiBCiauii HapoaiB, aid 
BX03WJ1H ao ciciaay ixmxaepacaB. I tvt, sk uemaKpecjnoBaB i ^paroMaHOB, 
npeacraBHHKH nepeaosnx TeniH i HanpaMiB BHaBJiajiHCb npoaoBacyBaaaMH 
i nocJBAOBHHKaMH CBoix nonepeaHindB. L[a TeHaeHLUH 6yjia xapaicrepHOK) 
i asm couiajiiciipjHoro pyx) , skhh 3apoa>KyBaBca i Ha6upaB HHMpas 6imiiioi 

CHJ1H- ^K "BHaBHJIOCb, IHO CJlOBa npo SpaTCTBO H piBIflCTb BCeCBlTHIO V 

flesncHX moaeH 3 nopoa aepscaBHHX, HaBiTb i 3 rpoMaaiBHiB, moSiciHbKO 
*jib>"ib nopaa 3 3BHHK3MH BepxoBOflHTH Haa apynnMH no npHMipy aepacaB 

TUX, B KOTpHX noBHpOCTaJEH Ti moan, i 3 3HeBaroio AO "TeMHHX" i HeflepJKaB- 

hhx jnoaeft" J1 . CnpaBeamiBicTb cjdb /JparoMaHOBa niaTBepaacyioTb cno- 
raaH BiaoMoro aiaaa HiMeujbKoro coiuajricTiraHoro pyxy E.BepHiiiTeHHa: 
"B xiM iaci [ftaeTbca npo 70-80-Ti poKH XIX ct. — A. T. J b couiamcTHHHOMy 
cBiri nanyBaB nonnaa, mo zjwcmmw couiajri3My BHMarae Toro, mo6 Mam 
Hapoan i ruieMeHa sJiHUHCb 3 BemncHMH HaiQHMH. Baraxo coHiajricriB ay »ce 
peBOJnouiKHMx noraaaiB 6vjio roro norjiaay, hkhh bhcjiobhb <&epanHana 
Jlacaub y cbocmv jmcxi 3 8 TpaBHfl 1863 poxy ao Kapjia Poaoepryca TaKHMH 
ciiosaMH: ".3 He 6e3oniaaHHfi npHXH.TbHHK HauioHajTbHOCTH... IlpaBO 

HaUlOHaJIbHOCTH H npH3HaK) T 1 JI b K H BeJIHKHM KVJIbTypHHM 

Ha Hi«M..._ — a He ana pac, aKHX npaso JioKHTb CKOpme Ti.TbKH b tim, Hio6 

aCIIMUDOBaTHCb 3 THMH 1 p03BHBaTIICB Hia IX Bn.lHBOM". rioZUOHO BHCJIO- 

Bumicb me b 1848 p. Kapn MapKC i Opiapix EHreJibc... Ue He 6vjih hikk! 
HaujonanbHi BejmKoaepscaBHi npHMXH, TiiibKH bojiu; ibjikom o3HaieHoro 
norjiaay Ha xin i imrepecH icTopHHHoro po3BHTK\" 3: . 

3 TaKHMH norjwjaMH, ocoSjihbo BpaxoByiOHH, mo y Hatt6jttt*HHX cyciaJB 
\KpaiHCbKoro Hapoay — nojiaKiB i pociaH — bohh omipajmcb Ha icropHHHi 

OCHOBH BeJMKOaep*aBHOrO H10BUB3M\ , /JparOMaHOB npHMHpHTHCb He Mir, 

i Bee cboc CBinoMe noiriTHHHe jkhtts bib 6opoTb6\ npo™ cnpo6 acHMijumii, 
"6o He Mil" cnoKifiHO aHBHTHCb, sk \Tq>aiHuiB noBepTajDi b (pajinaxiB" ". 
FIpaBo Hapojiy Ha caMOBH3HaHeHHfl ,3j)aroMaHOB BBaxcaB oajrieio 3 touob- 

HHX VMOB p03BHTIi:\- CV CHLTbCTBa , OCKlJlbKH, HK BIH nepCK0HaBC8 Ha BJI8C- 

homv aocsiai, noBHOHiHHHB i rapMOHiBHHH po3BHTOK raoacbKoi OCOOHC- 

TOCTi M0«JIHBHH TlJIbKH > KOHTeKCll ptHHOrO Hapoay. "^ W. HaBCpm^Ca 

Ha macTfl hh HemacTa, ao yKpatHCTBa Bia eBponeisMy" M , — nucaB bih y 

THCTl ao B. AHTOHOBHHa. 



51 



II 



nporanoBiiiH, CBoro Hacy, ^epe3 exan "o6mepyccKOCTH", /JparoMaHO 
He TUibKH 3po3VMiB xn6Hicxb xhx nomaaJB, a h ao lamia acHTTfl 3ajraniaBc 
ctihkhm 3axnc«HKOM VKpaiHCbKHX iHxepecm, nparHyiH 36araTHTH Hanjo 
Ham»Ho-BH3BoinbHMfi pyx yKpaiHcbKoro Hapoay nporpecHBHHMH iaeaMH 
aid BHpoSnjia CBixosa avMKa i aid HOMy $nc yqeHOMy i nonixHTOOMy aianeB 
CBponeficbKoro piBHa 6vjih aoSpe 3HaHi. 

3ra^yioqH npo 6axbKa, acnca ^paroMaHOBa Jliaia rmcajia y cboix cno 
MHHax: "Bih jno6HBMeHi roBopHTH: "ileHauioHairi3ania eaeMopairi3ama' 
,ZJeHauioHam3yioTbca Haftripim eneMemn Hanii (60 bohh po6naxb ue 3 ko 
pHCTi), i xoai MaeMO unyHHiiii Bn6ip HaftripinHX eneMCHxiB Hapoay, mo L 
caMe nwcipHMyiOTb aeHauioHaitisaxopH. A necm ii HaiiKpaini ejieMenrra 3; 
ayuryioxbca. Yce ue Beae no noHH*eHHa MopajibHoro h iHTejieiay'ajibHo; 
piBHa Bcid Hanii" w . AHajioriiHy ayMKy bhcjiobhb .QparoMaHOB i y "Ilepea 
HbOMy cnoBi no 'TpoMaan" 1878p.",3a3HaraBiiiH, mo umpoKHH BH3Bom> 
hhh pyx cepea HeaepjKaBHHX HapoatB aacxb 3Mory noBepHyxH ana poSoxH 
Ha 6jiaro piaHoro Hapoay xo«ia 6 qacxHHH "nepeBepxmB", aid noKHHVJiH 
CBifi Hapoa, "mo6 po3KHaaxHCb cicpi3b, KyaH cara Meaca aep^aBHa" M 

Bhccok flparoMaHOBa y po3BHXOK noraxxa npo npaBo Hapoay Ha caM 
BH3HaneHHa Mac ne xinbKH B\'3bKoyKpaiHCbKi paMKH, — MHcnHxemo Baajn 
npoaHajmyBaxH i rpyHTOBHo oxapaKxepinvBaxn ii tojiobhi o^narai, 
xapaKxeptti ana cxaejieHHa 6yab-SKoro "aepacaBHoro" Hapoay ao np: 
moojiemix HapoaiB, a xaxoac xi TpyaHomi, 3 »khmh aoBoaHTbca 3ixicHyxH< 
HapoaoBi, 8KHH nparae ao BJiacHoi He3ajre»CHOCTi. I cnpaBa xyx He xiiibKH 
tomv, mo npoTH HaiBOHajn>Ho-BH3BOJibHoro pyxy noHeBOJieHoro Hapo, 
Bucxynaioxb npeacTaBHHKH npaBJuranx KJiaciB, ane me ii npeacxaB: 
npHTHo6jieHHx BepcTB Ta peBOjnoujHHo Hacxpoem eneMeHXH. lIaocxpylo , 
CB01 cnoBa, flparoMaHOB mane: "Y Hanmx seMJcndB rammbKHX ecTb asi npi 
Ka3KH: 1) "TiKaii name, 60 Bee, mo Ha To6i, to Hame", 2) "IlocyHbcs, 
Haft pycHH caae!". Ui aBi npHKasKH BHpa3HO Majnoioxb xe, hk cxoixb aino Miac 
aepsKaBHHMH xa naHCbKHMH ft HeaepacaBmiMii xa MyxauibKHMH nopoaaMH 
CKpi3b Ha CBixi. He xinbKH Bee, mo nami ii nqmaBa Bixraraioxb 3 jnoaeii 
npocxHX, HeaepacaBHHx, Bee, mo Ha naHCXBi, ane u xenepiinHa ciuia caMux 
npoxHBonaHCbKHX i npoxHBoaepscaBHHX rypxis cepea Jnoaeii aepxaBraix 
nopoa Ha ao6py nacTHHy BHpocna nepe3 xe, mo BHcucajia rpomeBi 3aco6n h 
BHBHeHHX jnoaeii oa jnoaeii npocrax, oa nopoa HeaepacaBHHX. Tenep, kojih 
noKa3>ioxbca jnoan, mo xoiyxh noKHHyxH npamo xinbKH Ha nopoay 
aepxcaBHy, a noBepiryxH ii Ha nopoan HeaepacaBHi, i BnopaaKVBaracb cepea 
Hei caMi no co6i, 6araxo aeKOMy npaxoanxbca 3mMaxH 3 ce6e xe, mo bih naaJB 
qyacoro, i 6 araxo aeKOMy npHXoaHXbca nocwaxHca. . U,e »c, 3BicHO He BcaKOMy 



52 






noflo6acn.es, HaBiTb i3 thx xto roBopHTb, mo bci mean piBHi" l37, . /Jam na 
npHKJiajD craBJieHHfl hImlub i yropmB no cjiob'hh, nousadB i pocisH — no 
\Tq>aiHuiB, 6inopyciB, jihtoblub flparoMaHoB nepeKOHJiHBO aoBonurb, mo 
tpHBatie nam'BaHHS Han npHTHo6jieHHMH HaponaMH 3po6trao tnoBiracTaMH 
xa npoTHBHHKaNDi noHeBoneHHX HaponiB He TinbKH npaBiupri BepcTBH, a fi 
BepcTBH npnrHo6jieHi. Tomv y npHrHo6jieHHX Hapo/riB Hevta iHinoi 
aiTbTqjHaTHBH, sk TBep.no naM'aTara, "ino b eBrri Bcaxa cmia nocyBaen>cs 
TtfitKH nepen chjioio ac" K . I JIparoManoB BiTae 3ao6yrra nepHcaBHoi" 
HeiaJie»cHocTi Bee hobhmh i hobhmh HapoaaMii, BBaacaioHH, mo nosroa hhx 
nepacaB Heo6xiuHa He tuibkh ma paniine npHTHo6jieHHX HapoaiB, ajie fi 

KOpHCHa MS "3p0CT\ KOCMOnOJDTHTHHX flVMOK V CVCifliB lXIflX, KOTpi flOTH 

xa3«fiHyBajDinoiXHixxaTaxaK "sextHKiHapoOT". TaiciHauioHaiBbHiflepxcaBH, 
rrijiKpecJiiOBaB flparoinaHOB, "aid bohh He ecrb, a cnHHHKm> He itjibkh Bonubicy 
i jrepscaBHy 3HeBary cuhhx nopon jiioacbKHX apyrnMH, a me fi KJianyrb 
"no^aTOK HHua" TOMy , mo6 naHCTBO fi 6ara™pcrBO (xaniTajiicTH) thx nopoa, 
mo paraine Harapajincb chjih, BHCHcano (eKcnnyaripyBano) monefi nopoflH 
cvcijmboi fi Ha rocnonapcbKOMY noni, i KJiaayrb Kureitb Tift cnmbHocri, «Ka 
noHeBoni ecn. b uifi 3HeBa3i fi HbOMV BHCHcaHHio mi aepacaBOK), naHCTBOM, 
5araTHpcTB0M i t.3b. "HaponoM" nepacaBHoi fi nancbKoi nopoaw. Kojih 
flepacasa, naHcreo fi 6araTHpcTBo Tenepiunrix "bcuhkhx", "KyjibTypHHx" i 
T,i. nopofl 6yjryn> onurxHyri b cboi Kpauni xoh 6h hobhmh nepacaBaMH nopon 
"MeHumx" b GBponi, a j&m fi b Am, xoh 6h 3 ixHiM naHCTBOM i 6araTHpcTB0M, 
i onHHaTbca bhji no BHay 3 cboim "HaponoM", Tom fi "couiajn>HHH nepeBo- 
por" HacTaHe cicopiine" *. 

3 HHX cjriB liTKO npocTynac noimiia .IIparoMaHOBa y nHTaHHi npasa 
Hapoaj Ha caMOBHiHaHeHHa. CaMe 3no6jxra HaujoHajibHoi HesaJiescHocii, 
CTBopeHHS CBod nepacaBH c nepmoio i touobhoio nepenyMOBOio nanaHHH Ta 
3a6e3neHeHHa KoacnoMy npencraBHHKOBi naHoro Hapoay Bcix npaB jnojiHHH, 
y tomy iHCJii couiaJibHHX Ta eKOHOMiiHHX. Be3 RuacHOi flepxeaBHoeri 6ynb-«Ki 
comajn>Hi 3m1hh Ta peBOJUouii 6ynyn> TinbKH 3mihoio oci6 "nairiBHoro", 
"nepacaBHoro" Hapoay, "cTapmoro 6paTa", He 3m1hk)kphh cyii njd eKcmrya- 
Tauji, nam nponoBacyioHH BHcncaTH, KaaeyHH cJiOBaMH /IparoMaHOBa, Maxe- 
pianbHi Ta nyxoBHi uiHHOCTi npHTHoGjieHoro Hapony. I xcaxroiBa noMHinca 
;rinepiB yKpaiHCbKoi" peBoinouii 1917-1922 pp. nojiarajia y TOMy, mo m>oro 
aparoMaHOBCbKoro nojioaceHHa bohh He aacBoirni, BBaacaioHH, mo eKcnarya- 
TaTopoM yKpaiHCbKoro Hapoay e tud,kh pocificbid xa noJD>cbKi noMiiiiHKH Ta 
KanrrajiicTH. 

TpariHHHfi noCBUi ocTaHHix ceMHuecaTH poidB niaTBepnHB icTHHHicTb 
aparoMaHOBCbKHX cjbb. I cborxunri, kojth yKpaiHCbKHfi Hapon 3no6yB cbok 



'53 






aepacaBHy He3ajiexcHicTb, BKpafi hco6xlhho naM'aTara 3acTepeaceHH» 
.UparoMaHOBa, "mo crapi sbjpoch JKHBVTb b moaax aoBro h aoBro 3axoBy- 
roTbca h nia hobhmh nyMKaMH ft cnoBaMH H HaBiTb ofiepTaioTb ix co6i Ha 
c.T>')K6y" ". Tyr aocraTHbo 3raaarn xoia 6 KaMnaHiio Ha 3axncT npaB 
moaHHH, XKa po3no?ajiaca, jdc TinbKH Hapoan KOjnnnHboro PajiaHCbKoro 
Cokwy nonajiH 3ao6yBaTH aepacaBHV HesaJieacHicTb. Xto 6 mepoiciB aecaTb- 
n'srrHajuHTb tomv Mir noayMara, mo jhojih, aid Ha3HBajin npaBa jhojhhh 
6yp>Kya3HHMH BHrajncaMH i sanpoToproBajni Ha aoBii poKH ao nopeM 
aKTHBicriB 3 KOHTpojno 3a .noTpitMaHHaM flOKynjeHTiB Ta yroji Hapajm 3 
6e3neKH i cniBpo6iTmmTBa b CBponi, — cTaHyn> HaHriajntiinHMH 3axncHH- 
KaMH npaB jhojqihh, ajie tuibkh b aepjKasax, mo 3ffo6yjm nomxHiHy 

HCSaJieJKHlCTL. 

PosiJiajiaioqn npaBO Hapoay Ha caMOBH3HaqeHHH, /IparoMaHOB tjcho 
noB'a3\BaB 13 hhm hh3K\ npo6jieM, 30KpeMa MDKHauioHa.TbHi bmhochhh, 
CTaBJieHHa no thx hh imnnx HaponiB, x-pimiKy unmix no3HniH ctocobho 
HauioHajihHoro mrraHHfl, npo6:ieMy HauioHaJibHoro BH3BojieHHH yKpaiH- 
cbKoro Hapoay. name™ npHXHJibHHK npaBa HapojjJB Ha caMOBHSHaqeHHa, 
Ha cTBopeHHa cBoei flepacaBH ax HeoSxianoi vmobh HopMajibHoro po3BHTKy 
BCboro Hapoiiy i koxchoi jhojihhh, ocKinbKH HaBiTb "KyjibTypa Mac i 
nojirormy i coujajibHy cropoHV, a no-jpjre, mo 6e3 neBHoro npocTopy, 

HKIIH JiaeTbCa TUIbKH BIHbHHMH nOJliTHHHHMH vcxaHOBaMH, Bajioca, a .HJH 

HaponJB, mo hc MaioTb HanioHajibHoi He3ajieacHocTi, MaibKe a6coinoTHO 
HeMOMOiHBa Hiaxa, HaBiTb HafiMHpHima KyntTypHa npaua, HaBiTb bkkjuoh- 
ho JiiTepaTypHa i neaaroriHHa" •, — flparoManoB, Bojmoiac, 6vb piuiy ^hm 
npoTHBinncoM Syab-ajcoro moBnrisMy, namoHanbHoi BHHaTKOBocTi ra 
Bopo*He*ri, 3HeBara a.o unmix HapoaiB. I b uboMy BiH 6vb HenpnMnpeHHHM 
npoTHBHHKOM i pocificbKHx Jii6epajiiB Ta peBOjnouioHepiB, i cjiOB'sncbKHX 

HapOJXlB, HKi mOHHO 3BiJIbHHJIHCb Bifl KOJIOHiaJIbHOl 3aJieiKHOCTi, i 

npeacraBHHKiB yicpaiHCbKoro pyxy. TaK, y cboih npairi "HHCToe fleno 
Tpe6yeTiHCTbix qjeacTB", npHCBSHeHiH HauioHajibHo-BH3Bo:nbHHM 3MaraH- 
Haiw niBfleHHocjiOB'aHCbKHx Hapcure, BiTaio^H ycnixH cep6iB Ta 6onrap y 
uiH 6opoTb6i, ZlparoManoB, BojjHoiac, KpHTHKyBaB cep6iB 3a ixhk> Henpa- 
Biun>Hy nojriTHKy b HanioHajibHOMy mrraHHi [hh He tojh me 3aKna,aajiHCb 
ochobh HHHimHboro KOH<j)iriKTy na TepHTopii KOJiHuntboi KDrocjiaBii? — 
A. T. ], mo bohh BHHHsnoTb HenpaBHHbHo, kojih "po3Bini>TOTb KapTH Cep6ii 
3 KopaoHaMH ao Apxenejiary, Ta me SLibineTHM, mo b cxunmx pmyncbKHX 
i 6ojirapcbKHx 0Kp\Tax ... qHHan, nepenmojiH Hapoarafi ocsiTi Ha MicueBHX 
MOBax, b cnpo6ax "ocep6jieHH»" cboix "oKpaiH", Tax caMo i oojn^apH "buhhI 
b tomv, mo b cbok) lepry i Bempaa i AJiGania niaKopajmcb 6onrapcbKHM 



54 



KHS33M, — i snoHo SoJirapH ine He bhhhi b npaicrHHHHX saxonax no "obomra- 
peHMa" cboix "oKpaiH, to tuh>kh tomv, mo me He Majm b cboix pyxax nep- 
saeHoi BJi&jm. Bee ue, — niaBomrrfc irincyMOK JJparoManoB, — noica3ye, 
mo XBOpo6a cy»iacHHX bcjihkhx nepxcaB BCTHnia 3apa3HTH i MaJii, meHeaep- 
/KaBHi Hapoan'' 4: . 3acTepiraK>ra)Tq>aiHCbKTiiiHapoaBinTa:Koi "xBopo6H*\ 
^paroMaHOB ninKpecmoe, "mo nyMKa npo h anion ajn>HicTb Moace ovth 
npHHHHoio i HacujivBaHHfl jnoaefi i BeJiHKoi HenpaBnH" * ; . Orace, Moacna 3 
neBHicno cTBepaacyBatH, mo i 3axoH npo HauioHaJibHO-nepcoHaJibHy asTo- 
HOMiio (cinem. 1918 p.), i fleKJiapauix npaB HauioHanbHOCTeH YKpaiHH 
{mrcTonaa 1 99 1 p.) e, SKOKKb Mipoio, HacjrijKOM hcbtomhoi npaui ilparo- 
MaHOBa Han nouryicoM mnaxiB uHBLTisoBaHoro BHpimeHHa npoGneM Hanjo- 
1 ia;ibHii\ MeHimm, ski npoaareaioTb b YicpaiHi. 

3acnyra ^paroMaHOBa nojrarae me h y tom> , mo Bin nepeKORiniBo noBiB 
— HeHaBHcn. no iHimix Hapoaia 3obcim He cBumnTb npo .tk>6ob no cBoro 
napony i HaBnaKH, Y cboix npanax bih BHcrynae npHXtmbHHKOM TOJie- 
paHTHoro cTaBneHHa no cycinHix Hapoms. B oaHOMy i3 cboix hhctIb ,5paro- 
MaHOB, 30KpeMa, imcaB: "Bee nino b tim, mo iMeHeM Toro, sk mh jho6hmo 
CBifl Kpatt flOMa, » He Mir Hananaracb Ha Kauana, Jiaxa, HaBm> auwa vhhx 
flOMa. " ** [nidnpecjieno homu. — A.T.]. 

XapaKTep^njioiH neH acneicr nornajiB .UparoManoBa, iBaH JIhchk- 
P}'aHHiibKHH HHcaB: "Y naponiB noHeBOJieHHx, noKpnB3)KeHHX noneio, 
HauioHanbHe noiyBamia Mae HaxHJt CTaBara Ha6om.THM michcm ncHXiKH. 
IlpoaBJifleTbCfl ue B XHTaHHSX Miac KpaHHocTHMn; JHo.au a6o 3HeBascaK>Tb, 
ocMiioiOTb, npHHH^TOiij yce pume a6o nepeiowaioTbCH y npoTHJieamicTb, 
y moBiHicTHHHHH nypMaH, mo ninnoro biuihbom 3anepeq\ioTb 06'eKTHBHi 
BapTocTi, memo TuibKH bohh He e cnem«pi^Ho "cboi". He pai xaxi komh- 
jickch HauioHaiiLHOi MeranoBapTOCTi Ta HauioHaJibHoi MeraHOMami cniBaui- 
BaioTb b onHifi nymi, — nnBHe BunoBume ms cropoHHboro rnsaaia. Uo- 
ciaBy flparoMaHOBa MoacHa BBaacara B Hbowy BinHomemri 3a 3pa3KOB\. 
AaJieKHii Bin ycix naTpioTiPHDix caMooSwaHiB, 3aBcinn BinKpHTHH Ha 

n03HTHBHl BapTOCTi HyjKHHH, KpHTHHHHM HapiBHi KO CBOTO H IVWOrO, — 

npH ubOMj bih TBepno 3HaB i BipHB, mo VKpaiHCbKHH Hapoa Mar npHpoma 
nam ana Bim>Horo icHVBaHHa i b sMiHerafi o6cTaHOBui bih Mir 6h 3aH»TH 
rtime Micue y BcenioncbKOMy icTopHHHOMy npoHeci" 4S . 

^paroMaHOB to; nojriTmHHH peamcT npeicpacHO ycBinoMJDOBaB Tpyn- 
Homi, mo ix noBeneTbca nojiaTH ko»chom\ HaponoBi Ha mjiaxj no cBoro 
caMOBH3HaqeHHa, tomv oco6jihb> j'Bary bih npunuiflB Haniona.n,iiii-i caMo- 
cBinoMocri, po3BHTKOBi y koschoi jnonnHH noi\TTfl o6oB'a3Ky nepen cboim 
pinHHM HaponoM. noqHHaioHH 3 'TpoManH", BiH nocTiraio nponaryBaB 



ss 






m&o Heo6xiauocri npauroBara, nepeiiyciM Ha Saaro cbofo Hapo^y. I bjkc 
HarqjHKiHUi >KHTra, BizmoBiaaioHH Ha npHBrraHHa 3 Haro^a 30-piqHoro iobiuqo 
fioro rpoMa^cbKO-nomraiHoi Ta HayKOBO-JiirepaTypHoi josm,HOCTi, bih 
CKa33B: "Ham Hapoa cicpHBOTeHO He TiJibKH coujajibHO i nojrixiniHO, ajre ft 
HauioHanbHo. I tepHBaa jioorrb He TinbKH b ttm, mo Hama HauioHajibHiCTb i, 
03naKa 2, mobb He Mac npaB piBHHX 3 npasaMH mobh MOCKOBCbKoi, noiibCbKoi, 
jropcbKoi, pjMyHCbKoi, — ane i b tow\ , mo Ha bcim oomapi 3eMDi, ,ne jkhbc 
Ham Hapoa, xi6a 5% iHTemreHUii npraHae ceoe jdoubmh ojaad HaioonajibHocTi 
3 thm HapoaoM. Mepes Te HapoaHam He Mae KynbTypHoinoMoqi o^iHTejiireHui, 
Koxpa hh npaMo, hh nocepeflHbo HOHBe 3 fioro npaui. JThxo ue ^jfiumo ao 
Toro, mo HEBiib HaftaeMOKpaTHHHiHii mojm 3 inrejiireHmi, mo xcHBe cepea 
Hamoro Hapojy, on Htoro BJiacne oasepTaioTbca, a necyrb cbok> npamo, 
TanaHTH, rpomi Ha oiyxcoy immiM HapoaaM... 3po6rn> Tax, mo6 o^Ha Hamma 
(J)paHny3bKoi itrrejiireHuji BBasKana ceoe aHrafinaHaMH, apyra himujimh, rpera 
tiammwm, nerBepTa icnaHLWMH, — to ft no6aiHTe, snd to 6y.nyn> cumm 
(JjparaijibKa mTepaTvpa, nojDTHKa i caMHfi (JipaHuy^bKHft coujajn3M" *. 
BBaacaroHH cmanpamo Bcix npHrHoGjiemix HapontB BKpafi Heo6xiaHoio i 

KOpHCHOK), TaK CaMO JIK i CmBnpaHIO 3 pOCifiCbKHMH OH03HIDHHHMH CHJiaMH, 

mo 6 ^ajio ocTaHmM 6im.me 3Mora oth 3Jio6yrTa nojimwHoi cbo6o;ih b caMift 
Pocii, 4paroMaHOB 6vb piinyniM npoTHBHHKOM HauioHajibHoi HiBeirauj] hh 
HaHionaTbHoro Hirijii3MV, me 6iJibm pimyqe bih BHCTynas npoTH 
BeuHKCuepHcaBHoro pocificbKoro inoBim3My, opraHiiHO npHTaMaHHoro 
pocmcbKOMypeBojDoujfiHOMy pyxosi. V CBoifipo6oTi "TeppopH3MH CBoGoaa", 
cnpocTOByroqn noBiaoMJieHHH potificbKoi npecu npo Te, mo bih e JiinepoM 
PociftcbKoi coinaji-peBojnouiftHoi napiii, JIparoMaHOB nucaB: "IToHHeMO 3 

yKJIlHHOl npOCbOH BHKJIIOHHTH HaC He TiJibKH 3 "pOCCHHCKOH COHHaJIbHO- 

peBOJKOHHOHHOH", ajie ft 3 hkoi 6h to He oyjio "poccHftcKoft napniH". Mh xoh 
i pojiHJiHCb Bia "noaaanbix pocciiHCKoro HMnepaTOpa", ane mh He e 
"poccHftcKHfi"... Mh He BejiHKopoc, a yKpaiHeiib i hk TaKHfi, mh — hjkh Hami, 
jnca He mime npHTHoGjnoeTbCH b "poccHftcKoft" flepxaBi, b Pocii, ft ypsmoM, a 
nonacTH i cycnim>Hicno naHyioHoi HauionajibHOCTi; are ft 3HaxoflHTbca i 3a 
MexaMH Pocii" — b ABcrpo-yropumHi. nocTaBKBum co6i 3a rojioBHy Mery 
npamoBaTH, b Mipy Hamnx chu i bmihhh, Ha jcopHCTb Hamoro pirmoro Hapo^y, 
mh MOJKeMO roBopHTH npo "poccHHCKHe" cnpaBH Jiume nocTinbKH, nocicijib- 
kh bohh cTocyioTbca Hamoro napo^y; mh mojkcmo nocTinbKH »; cmKaTHCH i 3 

"pOCCHHCKHMH" napTUIMH, EJIC IB B JDCOMy pa31 He MOSteMO BXOflHTH H1J1KO- 
BHTO Hi B Ojmy 3 HHX" *. 

CaMe 3 TaKHX no3Huift niaxoaHB /IparoMaHOB ao 6yffb-HKO] po6oTH Ha 
6naro Hapoziy . BiHBHcrynae 3a BHnycK peBOjnouiHHoiiiiTepaTypH Ha "MOBax 



5* 



r 



L 



Hapoaroix, a He Ha oaraix TijibKH aepataBUHx Ta BHmjix BepcTB" 4 * , HanoJiarae 
Ha BeaeHHi nponaranaH cepea Hapoay nepeaoBHX Ta nporpecHBHHx iaen, 
onupaioracb Ha icropHHHi Ta HaiaoHanbHi Tpaanuji KoacHoro Hapoay. I, hk 
noKaaas icTopHHHHH aocsia, JJparciMaHOB Mae noBHy pauifo , kojih micas, mo 

"3aXHCHHKH HaUJOHaJlbHOl piBHOnpaBHOCTi ... MaiOTb ... ntHCXaBH aHBHTHCb 3 

AeaKHM 3aHenoKO€HHHM b MafioyTHc i thm 6iin>nie, mo, oco6hhbo b ocraHHiii 
nac, Haeirb peBOjnouioHepH BenHKopycbKi He BHSBJiawTb noMiTHHX cHMna™ 
ao ochob oSjiacHOi aBTOHOMii i no MenmiH Mipi majiaTb aoray qwHCTBa i 
HenojijxibHocTi Pocii, hkiuo He npaMo u marpiiMyioTb" * . 

BasoiHBHM ana peajmauji npasa Hapoay Ha caM0BH3HaieHHH /IparoMaHOB 
BBa*aB ipiBem, HamoHanbHoicaMocBinoMocTi Hapoay. y cBoixpeKOMeHaaujax 
IsaHOBi OpaHKOBi moao BKnycacy xcypHajiy bih maKpecjnoBaB: "Cnemam.™ 
saaani Tenepiuraboro yicpaiHCbKoro BHaamw [khct nHcamm 1885 p., kojih 
qepe3 (piHaHCOBi Tpyanoiiii BHnycK TpoMaaH" Bace Gy.io npHHHHeHO. A.T.], 
KOTpi amcryioTb BH6ip (qw niafrp) MaTepiany i HanpsMOK cyay peaaicuji npo 
c\TjacHicTb: 

a/ odopoHa nauioHajibHOCTH i ii BOJibHocTH i 36yxceHHH noTpeSn taHocra 
HanioHajibHoi b ycix noamax namoi KpaiHH; 

6/ BHmyKaHHH b MHHynoMy i TenepimHbOMy 03HaiciB Hau. chuh, 3MaraHb 
go Bom i caMOCTiflHOCTi, opram3yioiHX iHcnrrymi i T.n. , BumyKaHHfl HaiinpaK- 
thhhuhhx cnoco6iB ao ocsraeHiia noBHinoi uini; 

B/ HanOBHHTH p a M K H HauiOHaJIbHOCTH 3fl06yTKaMH BCeCBiTHbOlKyjIb- 
TVpH B rpOM. aCHTTK), miCbM. i yMinocri; 

tt 3po6ffra Tenep ace Ham napoa npi-raacHHM b Tin KyinyrypHiH npaui; 

al BHHaHTH b nposBax nocryny nepeaoBHX KyjibTypmix HapoajB 3aco6n 
ana cainoi Hamoi' 6opoTb6H" M . 

y toh qac, Kojm 6inbinicTb npeacraBHHKiB namBmix KJiaciB b yicpaiHi 
6ynH npeacTaBmncaMii pocificbKoro a6o nojibCbKoro Hapoay, kohh 3HanHa 
lacTHHa yKpaiHHjB, mo Hajieacajmao intxioiariB, 3pycHcpkyBajiHCb i 3aiimnajm 
CBii! Hapoa, /(paroMaHOB 3po6HB yce, mo6 hc tuikkh nJaHara HauioHanbm' 
caMocBiaoMicTb yKpaiimiB, a ft nepeKOHaTii GBpony, mo yicpaiHa — ue 3eMJia 
3i cbooo K)JibT)poK), MOBOio, TpaamiiaMH, icropiao, mo VKpaiHCbKHH Hapoa 
Mosee i hobhhch nocicni HaneacHe Micue cepea HapoaJB CsponH. BiH po6m» 
Bee, mo6 3aeHauioHa.TiJOBani npeacraBHi-iKH namBHHXKJiaciB.peBOjnoioHHO 
HacrpocHa MoJioab, nporpecHBHa iirrejiireHuia 3iaeHTH<j)iKyBajiH ce6e 3i cboim 
HapoaoM i mo6 Ha Bern jiq^aiHCbKiH eTHFmiH TepHTopii' VKpaiHCbKHH napofl, 
nonpn aepstaBHi Kopaonn, aid nopi3ajm >TKpaiHCbK\ 3eMJiio, dya 06'caHamiH 
eatiHoio nojDTHqHoioBOJieK), nparHeHHSMao BJiacnoro "BHpimeHHfl CBoixnpaB 
Ha cboih 3eMm", cuhhoh) HauioHajibHOK) caMOCBiaoMicno. 



5? 



Ane biijihb ilparoMaHOBa Ha po3EHTOK caMoro iHCTHTyry npaBa Hapo- 
aiB Ha caMOBH3HaHeHH5i He 6vb 6h TaKHM cjttgbhm, kojih 6 bih oOmokhbch 
6opoTb6oio 3a ue npaso TijibKH jpta VKpaiHCbKoro Hapoay. Bhccok /Jparo- 
MaHOBa y posbhtok npaBoBOi ayMKH nojwrac b p03po6ui npHHuum ; , 3riaH0 
3 jdchm KO*eH Hapoa, He3aaescHo Bin Roro aqp)KaBHHx Ta icTopmiHHx 
TpanHHJfi, racenbHocTi, KyjibTypHoro po3BHTK\ Ta eKOHOMi^Horo noreH- 
uiaJiy, Mar npaBO caM BHpiniyBaTH cbok) noma, 6yra rocnoaapeM Ha cboih 
3eMJii. nporojioineHHH uefl npHHHnn 6yB y toh iac, kojih oaHa HacTHHa 
Posbhhvthx eBponeHCbKHX HapoaiB aoMarajiacb 3axoiuieHHH bcc hobhx i 
hobhx TepHTopifi, hobhx pHHKiB 36yry Ta a?Kepeji aemeBoi chpobhhh, a 
apyra HacniHa, orojioinyfoiH HauioHajibHicTb 6ypscya3HHMH nepeaoiTKaMH 
i fleioiapyioHH ce6e iHTepHauioHajiicTaMH, nparHyaa ao BcecBiTHboi peso- 
jdohu, monpaBaa 3aa«KHO Bia aBTopcrsa aoMiHyBaTH b irift peBOJUouii 
noBHHHi 6ynH himiu, <j)paHuy3H, pociaim a6o npeacTaBHHKH munix "aep- 
xcaBHHx" HapoaiB. 1 3axjiHK .ZJparoMaHOBa ao 06'eaHaHHfl 3ycHjn> ycix npH- 
rHo6jieHHX HapoaiB He TinbKH b PocificbKifi iMnepii, a fi no urail GBponi 3 
vmoboio "TiabKH 6 bohh npn3HaBajmcb : 1) ao Toro, mo xo*Ha nopoaa 
jnoacbKa mvchtb 6\th caMa co6i rocnoaapeM aowta" 5I , — 6vb oaHHM 3 
thx KaMemB, aid juetjih b ocHOBy npasa HapoaiB Ha caMOBH3HaqeHHa. 5k i 
6yab-afKe mrae npaBO JnoaHHH, npaBo Hapoay Ha caMOBH3HaHeHHH 
3'sBHJiocb He b apyrifi nojioBHHi XIX ct., a sk o6'eKTHBHa VMOBa cycnijib- 
Horo po3BHTK\ r y Tin ih irnniH (popMi 6yjio npHTaMaHHe npaBOBin ayMUi 
ynpoaoBJK BCboro icTopHHHoro npouecy po3BHncy. FIpoTe y neBHi icTopuHHi 
; nepioaH aaa neBHHx HapoaiB BHHHKae 3arpo3a HauioHaabHoro 3HiimeHHfl 

a6o HiBejBmii uubixom <pi3HHHoro qn ayxoBHoro 3HHmeHH» npeacraBHUKiB 
Hapoay. B XIX ct. 6yjia cnpo6a ayxoBHO 3hhhihth vKpaiHCbKHH Hapoa. 
flparoMaHOB nopaa 3 ihuihmh KpamHMHnpeacTaBHHKaMH Hainoro Hapoay 
He aonycTHJiH uboro. 

Oana 3 rojiOBHHX 3acjiyr JJparoMaHosa npH po3po6ui npo6jieMH npaB 
i cBoGoa JnoaHHH nojrarae y tomv, mo BiH Teopennmo aoBiB, mo npaBa 
JnoaHHH craHOBaaTb eaHHHH KOMiuieKC, i npiopHTeTHicTb HKoicb rpynn 
npaB i cBo6oa He Tim>KH He cnpnae po3mHpeHHio npaB i CBo6oa JnoaHHH 
3arajioM, ajie h nopyniye bci iHini npaBa i cBo6oaH. TaK, Ha BiaMim Bia 
npnxHJibHHKiB couiajricTjrqHoro HanpflMy, snd roaoBHHMH BBascaan coui- 
ajibHO-eKOHOMi'ffli mrraHHa, HexTyKum a6o 3anepeqyK>iH couiajTbHy Bap- 
ricTb imnHK npaB, ^paroMaHOB BHCTynaB 3a nomTHiHe, couiajibHe, Hanj- 
oHaJibHe BH3BoaeHHfl vKpamcbKoro Hapoay, a, OTxee, KoacHoro vKpamna. 
He BBaxcaioHH, mo 3i 3ao6yTTHM BJiacHoi aepscaBHOCTi BHpimeHHa bcix 
npo6neM HacTyroiTb aBTOMaTHHHo, bih, soaHoiac, niaKpecmoBaB uiHHicTb 



ss 



- 



i 3HaiymieTb BJiacHoi aepacaBH jua. bcici Hami 1 mis koschoi oKpeMoi 
tjoahhh. He 3Haxo^HMH peajibHoro rpyHTy, na skhh Moraa 6 y Tofi nac 
onepTHca iaea yxpaiHCbKoi aepacaBHOcri, BiH BHCTynae 3 inHpoKoio 
(JieaepajiicTHHHOio nporpaMOio, peajriiaiaa hkoi nosBomma 6 3HaiHOK> 
Mipoio ycyHyrH re oonpaBiie craHOBHiae, b hkomv yicpaiHCbKHfi Hapoa 
nepe6yBaB b o6kubox inmepiax, i 3 noflaJibinHM nojimreHHM po3bhtkom 
ra HaiBonajibHHM caMoycBiaoMJieHHSM yjcpaiHebKoro Hapoay aajia 6 3Mory 
3Ao6\th BJiacm He3ajieacHicTb. BasaiHBHM y .JJparoMaHOBa c fl eTHorpa- 
4>iiHHH npiiHuwn BH3HaHeHH»i npHnanejicHocTi 3eMJii TOMy ih imnoxfy Hapo- 
aoBi hh Tifi hh iHmifi aepxaBi. Ca.Me Hapoa, sqchh 3aceirac tv *m iinxry xepn- 
Topiio, Ha avMKy /IparoMaHOBa, i Mae npaBO bh3H3Hhth cbu3 craTyc, aep- 
xaBHy npHHajie*HicTb a6o xoqa 6 Ha niacTaBi nmpoicoro MicueBoro caMo- 
BpaayBaHHa caMocrittHO bhpuhhth cboi BrnTpiimri npo6jieMH, 

BBa*aK)HH HauioHajibHi npaBa JnoaHHH HeBia'eMHQio nacTHHOio npa- 
BOBoro cTaTycy oco6h, ^paroMaHOB nepeicoHJiHBo hobib ToToacnicTb 
6opoTb6n 3a HauioHajibHe BH3B0JieHHa Ta 3a npaBa i cbo6o,uh moaHHH. 



3..1io;inna Mac npaBo... (Ochorhi npasa i cboGohh juoahhh) 

npaBa i CBo6oan ntomuui, snci MicTJiTbca b MiscHapoaHifi XapTii npaB 
.•nojjiHH, Moxcna noairoiTH Ha HOTHpH rpyroi, xk ue po6jiaTb 6LTbtniCTb 
lopHCTiB-MijKHapoziHHKiB s: . J\o nepinoii rpyrm HajiejKaTb npaBa i cboooot, 

fflCi VMOBHO-MO)KHa Ha3BaTH eJieMeHTapHHMH, a60 OCHOBHHMH, OCKLTbKH 

bohh f Heo6xiaHHMH .ana peajii3auu 6v;u,-hkhx ihiuhx npaB to cso6oa jno- 

JHHH. I T3K, HK npaBO HapOfl> Ha CaMOBH3HaHeHHfl CTaHOBHTb OCHOBV BCIX 

npaB jnoajiHH, TaK caMO ochobhi npaBa c Heo6xiiHHM rapaHTOM ana 
peamsauji rpoMaa»HCbKHX, no.iiraHHHX m eicoHOMiHHHX npaB JnoaHHH. 
.Apyry rpyny npaB CTaHOBJMTb rpoMaaHHCbid npasa JnoaHHH, Tpeno — 
nomTHiHi, "jeTBepTy — eKOHOMiini, couiaubHi, KyjibxypHi. Flpn Bcifi 
MoacjiHBiii HeaocKOHaJiocTi raKoro noauiy, bih, Ha Hauiy ayMxy, c Hafl6inbui 

npi-IHHflTHHM JVJS p03I7I>U> OKpCC.ICHOl ,UlHOIO TCMOIO npOO.lt'MH [ I1KI1. 

J\o ochobhhx npaB jhojhhh Ha.ne)KaTb npaBa Ha jkhtth, CBoSoay i 
oco6hctv HeaoropKamcTb a , 3a6opona TopTyp a6o wopcTOKoro, 
HejnoacbKoro noBo;wceHHfl i noKapaHHH, piBHi npaBa bcix nesajieacHO bui 
pacH, KOJibopy LOKipn, CTaTi, mobh, pejiirii' hh iHmHX o6ct3bhh, piBHicTb 
ycix nepea 38kohom Ta npaBo Ha piBHnfr 3axncr 3aKOH>', piBHe sm hojioboob 
i aciHOK npaBO KopHCTVBaTHCb BciMa npaBaMH inoaHHH, npaBa, mo ctocv- 
KiTbca nponeajpHHX rapaHTift npaBoc>aaa, HeaoTopKaHicTb xcHTna Ta 



v 






TacMHHtw JMCTVBaHHfl, 3axHCT bus. CBaBLiiLHoro BTpyqarow B OCOOHCTe T8 
ciMefiHe 3KHTT8 Ta Bia nocaraHb Ha necTb i penyTanjio. 

ITizocpeanoioiH BasuniBicTb uhx npaB jhoahhk, ixrao npiopHTerHicTb 
juih npaBOBoro craTycy oco6h, .UparoMaHOB rmcaB: "Hiqoro i jjoBOflHTH, 
mo am koschoi ocooh HefloTopicaHicTfe u humbly a u,hhx npaB Ha6araTO 
cyrreBiina 3a npasa iff BtUEMBaiH, HaBiTb npHMO, a oco6jmbo nocepe^Hbo, 
Ha xin ztqpjicaBHMX cnpaB" *. CaMe 3 uiri' npHTOHH /JparoMaHOB npnajjwB 
criJibKH ysarH po3po6uj uhx npaB, lXHboro saKOHoaaBioro 3aKpinjieHH» 
Ta rapaHTOBaHocri. 

"IIpaBO Ha jkhtth f HeBiu'eMHe npaBO koxchoi jnoffHHH. Ue npaao oxo- 
poH»eTbca 3aKOHOM. Hixto He Moxce 6vth cBaBinbHo no36aBJienHH jkhtth", 

— nporonomye CTana 6 MiacHapo/moro naicry npo rpoMaflHHCbiti i 
nomTHHHi npasa H . B ubomv (popMyjooBaHHi tHatimoB cbog BTineHHfl 6ara- 
tobikobhh npouec p03BHTKV CBiioBoi npaBOBoi ajmkh, hkhh BpeniTi 
nocTaBHB JBCUHHy b uemp 6yflb-HKoi npaBOBoi chctcmh, BHSHaiHBiim 
jnoflCbKe }khtth hk caMouJHHiciB. Up npaBO jdojoodi, 6e3 cyMHiBy, e Hafi- 
olibiii npHpo^HMM i HeBiii'anfflM. Ea 3a6e3neieHHH npaBa Ha hchtt8 HeMO- 
aaraBO roBopHTH npo imni npaBa Ta cbo6o#h * . Toiny JlparotiimoB, naBO- 
junm nepemic "npaB jdoahhh i rpoMaosHHHa" y npaui "BinbHa Crabnca" 
(Hafi6i.TbHi nOBHHJi nepemK, hkhh r y npaimx MHCJiirrejia), Ha nepme Micue 
BHcyBae npaso Ha jkhtta i CKacyBaHHa CMepTHOi Kapn s , Taxa noaara no 
jnoflCbKoro jkhtth, HaBiTb He3Ba>KaioqH Ha peaubny noniTHHHy hh cycmnb- 
ny CHTyaujio, npinaMaHHa yicpaiHCbKia npasoBift ayMui ft VKpaiHCbKoMy 
HauioHaJibHOMy 3aKOHoaascTBy. ripHraaaHMO, mo HaBiTb b nacn 
nporojiomeHoro b Pocii "qepBOHoro" i "6iJioro" Tepopy y KoHCTHTyuji 
YHP 6yjio 3anHcaHO, mo "rpoMajiHHHH YHP i hixto lhiuhh Ha TepnTopii 
u He Moxce 6y™ noKapaHHft CMepno" <58i . A flparoMaHoay cBoro qacy 
Aosejiocb BecTH TpHBajii nojieMinni 6a 1 a.iii 3 pociftcbKHMH peBojnonio- 
nepaMH. sod o6pajm nojHTHHHHH Tepop MeroaoM CBod 6opoTb6n 3a nosa- 
JieHHfl caMoaepjKaBCTBa. 

3aajia cnpaBewiHBocTi aria 3a3Ha , nrrH, mo nouium pocificbKHX peBo- 
raouioHepiB oTpHMajia Bepx i Mafixce 110 ponm (nepmi piuiyqi bhctviih 
ilparoMaHOBa npora TaKTHKH Tepopy Ta npoTH 3HeBa»uiHBoro craBJieHHH 
ao moacbKoro jkhtth 3 6oky pociftcbKHX peBOJnoujoHepiB npiinaaaioTb Ha 
noiaTOK 80-x poiciB) 6yna cnepiny peBOjnoniHHoio TaKTHKOK), a ni3Hime 

— i flepscaBHOio noJiiTHKOK). OcraHHiMH HCKpaBHMH npinaiaaaMH noBHoi 
3HeBarH no npaBa moanHH Ha jkhtth 6yjm noaii y BLubmoci Ta T6uiici. 
"3acTocyBaHHSM 36poftHHX chji npora UHBUibHoro HaceneHHfl y TSiirici y 
KBiTHi 1989 p. i y Binbmoci b ci^Hi 1991 p. PaaaHCbKHft C0103, 6e3 cyMHi- 



60 



bjb, nopymHB MiwHapojmi cTaitaapTH 3 npaB moimm. HacaMnepea, 
RaeTbca npo nopymeHHa ct.6 naicry npo rpoMa,aaHCbKi i nojxiTHHHi npa- 
Ba, jnca saicpinjijoe CBameHHe npaBO kojkhoi mommn Ha schtts. Biaxia aia 
Elboro npaBa HeaonycTHMHH HaBiTb 3a vmob Ha.ipBH'qafiHoro craHy. Bh- 
KOpiicTanHfl TaraciB, 6poHeTpaHcnopTepiB, BornenajibHoi 36poi npoTH 
UHBijibHoro HacejieHHH He hobhhho Main micuh Hi 3a hkhx o6cTaBHH" s . 

BBancaioHH npaBa i CBo6o.au jik>,hhhh caMouiHmcrio, nopymeHna a6o 
irHopwaHHa sncoi He Mowe 6vth BHnpaBaaHe mommai iujihmh, .Zlparo- 
MaHOB He BtniiauaB Tepopy hk Meroav 6opoTt6H. FIojiiTHHHe b6hbctbo, 
BBaacaB flparoMaHOB, e Bee jk b6hbctbom jdo^hhh y cycniibCTBi, a acmra 
kohchoi jnoaHHH, y tomy tocjd uaps Ta Horo hhhobhhkib, hobhhho 6yTH 
CBameHHHM, i hixto He Bnpasi cBaBinbHo no36aBHTH inoflHHy jkhtth. ToMy 
y "BinbHifi Cniimi" bih nimcpecjnoBaB, mo "b6hbctbo 6yflb-jncoi oco6h (pin, 
mo cynepewn. oahomy 3 nojioweHb npo npaB a jhoahhh i rpoMa^onraa) 
hikojih He noBHHHO 6\th saBnaHnaM Hi ujjio'i "BinbHoi CmjncH", am scoa- 
Horo fi n i.Ti.7fi.T iy" *. 

BucTynaioHH npo™ iHaHBiayajibHoro Tepopy, flparoMaHOB 3a3Ha"jaB, 
mo nomTH«me b6hbctbo 3 ocoohci oro 3aMMCJiy c cBaBijciaM oco6h, a b6hb- 
ctbo 3a nocTaHOBOK) xoro to iHinoro TacMHoro peBOjnouJHHoro cyay to 
Tpn6yHajiy — ue aecnoimM, oaanbKii saificHioerbca 6e3 HajiexcHoi' cyflOBoi 
npoueaypH, to6to 6e3 saxHcry, 6e3 cBtinciB, i tomv noBHicno cy6'eKTHBHe. 
Boho cnpHMosaHe npoin cycmjibHoro nopsuucy, b jneoMy iaea npaB moxama 
noBHHHa 6yra HaHBHinoro iuhhictio, ocKintKH Ha Hifi 6a3V€Tbca caM 3MicT 
cBoGomi. Tepop irHopyc mo iaeio. hum caMHM cnpmooTO aecpopMauii cyc- 
niribHoi CBinoMOCTi, a, oTJKe, i nporpecHBHoro aeMOKpararooro p03BHncy 
cycninbCTBa. I, y KmneBOMy niacvMKy, Taxe CTaBneHHa ao npas moaHHH 
neraTHBHO BnjniBac Ha caMiix npuxHJibHHKiB TaKHX MeToaJB noJUTHrooi 

6opoTb6H, BHXOBVIOHH B HHX nO-TUTHTOi nOlIWJW, 3rijIHO 3 flKHMH BSHBCTBa, 

crpaTH i T.n. buhhtkobi MipH e HopMajn>HHM ra aieBHM 3aco6oM 6opoTb6H. 
npoTecjiin3a3HaqHTH, mo ilparoMaHOB He oOMOKVBaB npaso Ha HcmTa 
rijn.Kii 3anepeHeHH«M CMepTHoi Kapii Ta no;iiTHTOHX yoHBCTB. Po3rjia- 
aaioiH npaBO Ha jkhttb, ^paroMaHoB BKa3yBaB Ha xe, mo npaBo ue Maf 
Ha6araTo umprnHH 3mict. I ojdihm 3 tojiobhux acneicriB r apaHTOBaHocTi 
Uboro npasa c MitpHHH p03BHT0K moflCTBa, HeaommeHHa bimhh, jnca c 
KpaflHiM janepeqeraiaM npaBa Ha jKirrra. Toiny nojiiTHMHy jasujbmcTb, cnpa- 

MOBam Ha MHpHe p03B'»3aHHa MiaCHapOflHHX KOH(|lJliKTiB, BiH BBascaB 

orjHHM 13 rapaHTiB npasa Ha »CHTTa, maKpecinoioHH, mo "B»cei Tenep ayMKa 
npo MijKHapoam cy^m ... B6eperjia KintKa pa3iB eBponefiuiB i aMepHKaHniB 



61 



nopsa 3 npaBOM Ha 3khtt» (pyHaaMeHxaabHHM npaBOM jhoothm e npaBo 
Ha CBoSoay i ocoSHCxy HeaoxopKamcxb. Po3rasaaioiH npaBo Ha cBo6oay, 
4paroMaHOB BBamiR, mo icTopia HHBimiauji e He mo imne, hk nporpec 
jnoaci>Koi,ayMKH, cnpsMOBaHoi Ha noinvKH i BaocKOHaneHHH mjraxiB i Mexo- 
zob 3axHcry cBo6oan oco6h Bin ycaKoro CBaBijura i BHnaaKOBocxefl. Han- 
6iin>inaieBHM 3aco6oM TaKoro 3axncxy, bhpo6jichhm JnoacxBOM ynpoaoBJtc 
THCH^ojiiiHboi icxopii, ^paroMaHOB BBaacaB jaKOH, hkhh oaHH xinbKH i 
Moxce, Syay^H o6ob'h3Kobhm a™ Bcix i HeyxHJibHO aoxpHMVBaHHH BCiMa 
ma crpaxoM noxapannH, 3a6e3neHHxn cBoSoay oco6h Bia HacHmcxBa 3 
Soicy He TuibKH oKpeMiix oci6, a h 6yab-HKHX rpyn Ta i'XHix 06'caHaHh y 
6yflb-jndH (popMi. CaMe ne npaBHJio HeaoxopicaHocxi npaB, aid Hajieacaxb 
jnojiHHi i e HesijUDJibHHMH 3a caMoio cyrno tyhwmoi xa MopajibHoi npHpoaH 
jnoaHHH, e ochoboio 3aKpirmeHHfl npasoBoro cTaTycy oco6h, u KOHCTHry- 
niliiiHX rapaHxiii. Binbrne Toro, HaBixb TaM, ae HeMa KOHCXHxyuiftHoro ™ 
6ynb-HKoro unnoro npaBOBoro 3aicpinjieHHfl npaBOBoro cxaxycy oco6h, 
npaso Ha oco6Hcxy 6e3neity, niaKpecnoBaB jJparoMaHOB, He Mo»;e 6vth 
irHopoBane, ocidin>KH snc npHTaMaHHe aroacbiriH npnpoai boho cjxyiKHXb 
ochoboh) moacbKoro ariBxarrra, i tomv aie 6e3 oipinjHHoro BH3HaHHa. 6es 
caHKirii saKOHoaaBiof BJiaan * 2 . 

TaKHM »ce HeBiu'eMHHM npaBOM jnoaHHH e piBHicxb ycix nepea 3axo- 
hom 6e3 6yab-aKoi aHCKpHMiHaiai 3 onisay Ha BipocnoBiaainw, HauioHajib- 
HicTb, HKy /^paroMaHOB BBaxcaB He xinbKH o6ob'h3Kobhm ejieMeHToM npaB 
moan™, a h yMOBoio po3BHXicy jnoacbKoro cycniubcXBa. Y ui>om\ acneicxi 
po3raaaaB /JparoMaHOB i piBmcxb npaB hojiobuob i aciHOK. TaK, me b oaHiH 
3 nepurax cboix HayicoBHX po6ix "FIpo cxaHosraae admen b nepiuoMy cxo- 
irixxi PHMCbKoi' iMnepii" Bin piinyHe 3anepeiye 3arajn>HonpHHHaTy, noiH- 
Haioqn Bia phmcmchx aBXOpiB, xohkv 3opy Ha cxaHOBHine admen b PHMCbKiii 
iMnepii" i HeraxHBHe 3HaneHHa, JucemGnxo MaB po3naanaxpiapxajx±>Hoi cim'i. 
HaBnaKH. po3naa naxpiapxajiLHoi cim'i 3 ii "Hepo3BHHyxicxio jnoacbKoi 
oco6HCXOcxi", a6comoxHHM ropnan'mHM xa cpaKxmmHM 6e3npaB'aM xciHKH 
6yB HBnmeM nporpecHBHHM, ocidabKH aaB 3Mory adMKaM Spaxn yqacxb y 
cycniJibHOMy Hcnxxi, a MaiXHOBi npaBa xa npaBo p03.xyHeHHS, sad oxpnMajin 
admen y nepioa PHMCbKoi iMnepii, niaxoxynajm "Mosamsicxb xpncxnaH- 
cbKHX apy^tHH, y skhx iiepKBa saimxye nepea BcxynoM y uuno6 npo 11 oco- 
6hcxv 3roay Ha mjiio6" M , xo6xo 3aiarajiH ochobh piBHocxi npaB qonoBiKa 

i JttiHKH. 

Po3po6Ka npo6neMH piBHocxi npas jkihok JlparoMaHOBHM 3aniKaBJooe 
y xomv acneKxi, mo noMy, Ha BiaMim Bia 6araxi>ox cyiacHHKiB, Baajiocb 
yHHKHyxH KpaHHomiB y ubOM} nnxaHHi, xo6xo noooioBaHb KOHcepBaniBHO 



62 



r 



HaCTpOCHOi lacTHHH, IHO 3 OTpHMaHHSM HdHKOIO piBHIIX npaB HeMHHVHHH 

po3naa ciM'i', i pajn-ncantHO HacipocHoi" lacTHHH, axa BHCTynajia sa "BimHy 
jdo6ob". 3anepeayioaii nepuiHM, JpparoMaHOB BBajKas, mo "cTpaxH Toro, 
mo Toai "ocraBJiaTb 6ei aoraaay aiTen", MaioTb raid ac niacTaBH, snc crpaxH 
naurax 6a6ycb, mo kojih Bci ccjihhh 6yayn> Btm>Hi, to He 6yae komv 3a 
iuiyroM xoottth" w . LU,o xc ao paaHKajibHHX npiixHJn.HHKiB jkIhohoi eMancH- 
nanii, to flparoMaHOB micaB: "06opoHaftTe npaBO sohok Ha ocBtTy, Ha 
npamo, Ha aojno b rpoMaacbKOMy JKHrri, po3iinipaHTe npaBO po3Boay, 
ane CTepeadTbca nponoBiayBara BumHy jiw6ob, sk y nTaxiB. Bo h y nTaxiB 
no 6ira>uiiH Hacrn MoHoraMis icHye, noKH BHpocTVTb aim — as moaefi ace 
juiTHHa pocre 20 p." 6i . 

^IparoMaHOB p03niaaaB piBHicTb npaB xuhok y HepospHBHOMy 3B'a3Ky 
a yciM KOMroieKCOM npaB JnoaHHH. B oaHOMy 3 jmciiB ao opraHi3aTopa 
aciHoioro pyxy Ha TajiHHHHi HaTanii Ko6pHHCbKoi Bin, sanepenyioiH 
noTpe6y BHameHHa 3 3arajibHoro nporpecHBHOio pyxy adHoioro pyxy, 
nucaB: ".H Bee max He mojkv noajmrra apHcpMenncy Ha acmoay i aojioBiiy 
i ayMaio, mo BOHa oana ana bcix i mo xohxh ce6e HaftcKoprae ninHiMjTb, 
Kojm npocTO CTaHyn> po6HTH Bci Hami npaui He ripine Hac" M . J\nn ,Hpa- 
roMaHOBa xdioca y cycniiibHOMy sami 6yjia TaKoio *c oco6HCTicno, sac i 

HOJIOBIK, i BHIDJieHHa HKHXOCb CneUJUpi*** 1 * 1 * 5K1H01HX rpOMaaflHCWCHX <ffl 

noJHTHqHHX npaB bih BBaacaB HenpaBHJibHHM i, HaBiTb, jmcicpHMiHyiomiM 
ctocobho acinoK. "A mo "mih iaean" eMancraioBaHa nporpecHCTKa, HKa 
Bene flHCKyciio 3 MyunmaMH no Bcix "rorraHHax", aid aocrynm nporpecHB- 
homv inyrnHHi, — lies He saTpyamoiocb ocasaTH" 67 , — imcaB JlparoManoB 
y nncii ao peaaKuii' "/Ipyra". 

BoaHoaac, oyno 6 HenpaBHJibHo po-JVMixii noiimiio .ZJparoManoBa moao 
piBHonpaBHOCTi adHOK, aK Tax*y, mo sSaaae b ihh piBHonpaBHOCTi mo»uih- 

BiCTb i 06ob'S3OK *aHOK BHKOHVBaTH TV 5K (JHSlPHiy po6oT> ", mo 1 10JIO- 

bikh, He BpaxoByioin npnpoamix oco6jiHBOCTeH hohkh, irnopyioaH MaTe- 
Phhctbo aK HaHBaaoniBinie npmHaaeHHH admen, mo 6yao xapaicrepHe ana 
aeaKHX npHXHHbHHKiB HenpaBiiJibHO cnpHHHSToi eMaHcraiauii. CaMe tom>' 
aoninbHo 3BepHyni ysan Ha "IlporpaMy" nepioanaHoi 'TpoMaan", ae, 
soKpeMa, 3a3Hanaaocb: "B cnpaBax nojiiTH?HHXMH 6aacaeMo piBHoro 
npasa ana BcaKoi oco6h, ax- aonoBiiciB i napy6idB t TaK i aciHOK i aisaaT 
vchkoi nopoan (pacn)" M . To6to /JparoMaHOB CTaBHB nuTaHHa npo noiri- 
THHHy i ropHaHHHj piBHicTb, a He npo 3piBHHHHa o6ox CTaTefi c\to aeiciapa- 
THBHe, axe He BpaxoByc «J>i3iojiori , iHnx oco6anBocTeii, a, 0T»te, 3ajmmae 
noja j'Baroio Taxy BaaiiiHBy npo6jieMy, aK MaTepHHCTBo, mo cyrreBO Biapi3- 
hsjio norjiaan MHoniTejia Bia nom JiapHHX Ha toh aac Teopiii npo nepe- 



' 63 



aaHHS (pyHKuift BHXOBaHHH aiTeii aepwaBi, npo cim'io jdc GypacyasHHH 
nepejKHTOK xoino. 

npaso Ha WHTTSi, CBoGoay, HeaoTopicaHicTb oco6h, piBHiCTb yds nepea 
3aKOHOM, hk i iHini ejieMCHTapHi npaBa jhojhhh, noBHHHi 6\th, BBascaB 
/JparoManoB, He TiabKH nporojioineHi, a ft 3aKpinJieHi b 3aK0iri i naaufflo 
3axHmeHi. B yace 3raayBaHifi npauj "BiabHa CnLiKa", HaBoasrof nocraiHbo 
rpyHTOBHHH nepenk npaB nroaHHHi rpoMaaflHHHa , 30KpeMa: "a) HeaoropKaHicTb 
Tina um npuHrctaHBHX noKapaHb i CMepTHoi Kapn; 6) HeaoTopicaHicTb oco6h i 
joroia aas nojBiw 6ea cyaoBoi nocraHOBn; b) HeaoTopKamcrb npHBaiHiix .thctib 
i xejierpaM; ... ft) piBHicTh ycix j rpoMaaaHCbKHX npasax i o6oB'«3Kax" ®, — 
IparoMaHOB oapa3y m KOHKperraye i aonoBiooc ui npaBa jnoaHHM ihhihmh, 
sod noKJiHKaHi cjtvhchth rapaHTOM npaBosoro cTarycy oco6n, ftoro 
Henopyumocri 6e3 saKOHHUx Ha re niacTaB. H,e oco6jihbo aicryajibHO na 
c3'nacHOM> erarri TsopeHHS BaacHoi aepwaBHocri aaa chctcmh HainoHanbHoro 
saKOHoaaBCTBa, oco6jmbo mcTHaecaTnjirrb 6ej3aKOHHaTa npaBOBoro iririaJ3My. 
Ak 3a3HaHae P. A. MrojmepcoH, "Hepimco He Tuibiai b paaancbKJH npeci, ajie ft 
3 ycT .urauioMOBaHnx lopHcriB MOacna no«iyTH, mo rojioBHe — ue oxopona npaB 
Hecmix .Tfoaefi. I BJKe B flpyry lepry Moacna ayMaTH npo npaBa 33TpnMaHHx, 
apeniTOBaHHX i, thm 6im>ine, sacyOTetnrx. Taica ayMKa ejihSoko noMHTKOBa. 

no-nepnie, 6e3 rapamift oco6HCToi HeaoTopKaHOcri, nesaaewHoro, cnpa- 
BeAiniBoro i ny6aiHHoro cyay ayace aenco CTHpaerbca rpam> Mi* qecHHMH 
aioai>MH Ta 3aoHHHuaMH. (Tyi aope^Ho 6yae HaBecnr raid UH(ppn: b 
KOJimiiHbOMy CPCP b Micuax no36aBJieHHfl Boai noSyBajio ao 1 953p. SambKO 
50-60 mjih oci6, nicaa 1953 p. — 30 mjih. ". Ui HWJjpH roBopaxb caMi 3a ce6e). 
Oana 3 uiaeft aeTaabHHx npouecyanbHHx rapanrifi HeaoTopKaHocri ocoSh — 
ue re, mo6 *oaeH hcbhhhhh hc norpanUB Ha aaBy macyaHHx, a araao Bare tbk 
craaocb, to 6yB 6h HeraftHo 3Bijn>HeHHft. Yci npaBHaa npo npe3yMnniK> 
HeBHHOBHOcxi, npaBo MaTH aaBOKaTa, npaBo cyaosoro ocKapaceHHa 6yab-aKoro 
piuieHHH npo nosGaBJieHHa bojii Tomp cnpaMOBaHi. HacaMnepea, Ha 3axncT 
lecHHX aioaeH, jhoahhh, ao He nopymyBaaa 3aK0H, noBHHHi rapaHTVBaTH, 
nio6 jnoaHHa Hi qepe3 nGMiiniey , Hi qepe3 qtiftcb mhh yMHcen He 6yaa nosGaiiaeHa 
Boiri a6o He 6yaa nopymeHa u oco6ncTa HeaoTopKanicTb iiniQiM hhhom. 

Ilo-apyre, TOTaaiTapHi aepacaBii 3aB3icaH 3 ycnixoM BHKopHcroBVBajiH came 
CHcreMy npaBooxopoHHiix opraniB (neperBopioioHHix 3 opraHiB, noicaHKaHHX 
3a6e3neiHTH npaBa aioAMHH, b ycxaHOBH penpeciiBHi) aaa 6opoTb6n 3 

npOTHBHHKaMHpeSCHMJ ', Ta ft npOCTO 31 BCLMa He6a3KaHHMH. 

no-Tpere, i oco6h, iao nopNimuDi 3aKOH, y Towy Hucm i KpHMmauibHioi, He 
craioTb jnoafcMH no3a saKOHOM. Xona Lxm npaBa i CBo6oan Moacyrb niaaaraTH 
neBHHM oOMeaceHHHM, ui o6M©KeHHa noBHHHi 6yrn 3aKOHHHMH i Heo6xiaHHMH. 



6! 



I 



Tomv npaBO Ha CBo6ojry i ocoohctj' HeaoTopKamcTb, npaBO Ha 
bcojihbhh i nyGjiiqHHH po3rjDmKO>KHoi enpaBH KOMnereHTHHM, Hejajieac- 
utiM i Heynq>ejpKeHHM cyaoM c BajKJOiBHM npaBoM kojkho'i mommi, Mipw- 
tom Ta rapanTOM .neMOKpaTHWoro cycniubCTBa" n , 

HaBejiena HirraTa po3KpHBac jt/mkv Ta nornm cvMacHoro Bqenoro Ta 
HJieHa KoMiTCTy OOH a npaB moaHHH Ha npo6jieMy i, Bo/moiac, noica3yc 
piBeHh po3VMiHHfl iiiei npo6jieMH, xapaKTepHiiH ana .UparoMaHOBa i a6co- 
hiotho cndB3ByHHHfi BHMoraM cynacHoro piBHa ii peryjnoBaHHa. HanpHK- 
jiazt, BroHanaioHii HeaoTopKaHicTb oco6n 6e3 cyaoBoro piineHHa, flparo- 
MaiioB He a6cojnorH3ye ue nojioaceHHS i He pofiHTb shkhtohho jieKuapa- 
tiibhhm, a pojBHBac noro nojiojKeHHHM npo Te, mo b paii BHaBJieima oco6h 
m Micui cKoatma 3]iOHHH\ KoxeH MO»ce saTpHMaTH BHHHoro, ajie oztpaay 
3K nosHHeH nepeaa™ fjoro b pyKH cyaoBoi BJia/m PM BHHeceHHa Heio 
piiueHHa npo 3aTpnMaHHa a6o imnoro BHpimeHHH nboro rorraHHa. B ubomv 
no;io)KeHHi 3aniKanjiK>t rofi acneKT, hio npaBO BnpimenHfl nuTanHa npo 

apeiUT HH 3aTpHMaHHH OCOOH Apai OMEHOB HOBHienO BUtHOCHTb JO KOMne- 

TeHHii cyaoBoi BJi&m- KpiM m>oro, /JparoMaHOB BHcyBae rapaHriao neAO- 
TopKanocTi ocoSh nonoHceHHa npo Te, mo "hixto He noBiiiien 6vth cyjmMHH 
cyflOM HaffJBmaibiHM. KpHMiHa;n>Hml cya, xpiM MHpoBoro, noaimeH 6jth 
c\tu3 npHcaacHHMH" 7: , toSto TijitKM 3MaraJibHHH npouec 3a ynacno aiiBO- 
KaTa i 3 HaHinnpiUHMii rapaHTiaMH cnpaBeajmBocri Ta oS'ckthbhocii po3- 
rasmy. lite oamoo rapaHTieio cnpaBejuoiBoro cynoBoro poirjcmy, aacy 
nocTiKHO niaKpecjuoBaB ,HparoMaHOB, e npoBaAHceHHa cynoBoro posnwry 
3po3VMiJioK» ma niacyTlHoro moboio*. Ha npHKJiaAi ToaunHhoro cyay b 
PociiicfeKiH iMnqiii, "skhh noMora Tenep ycaKHM o6aepH-JiyniaM o6KpaaarH 
pooiTHHKa i mo ay»ce nacTo cya ueii — rjjibKH nryM i xoro, mo mom 
3BVTb npaBflow" n , — /IparoMaHOB noKa3yBaB Heo6xiflnicTb po3noauiy 
BJiaan 3 thm, mo6 cy.aoBa BJia.ua ax He3a:ie)KHa i nianopaflKOBaHa bhkjuoiho 
iaicoHy Nforna 6yni rapaHTOM npaB jhoahhh, ocidjibKH 6e3 HesajiexcHoro 
cyjry Heino>KJiHBa peam3auia raKoro saacjiMBoro, Ha tfyMKy ^paroinaHoBa, 
npaBa jbo&hhm, hk "npaBO uHBiJH>Horo i KpHMiHanbHoro nosoBY npo™ 
cnyxSoBHX oci6 i ycTaHOB 3a He3aKOHHe nopjmeHHa iHTepeciB ocoSh" m . 
riepinHM kpokom ao Toro, mo6 cymi CTajni xoq CKiiibKH-He6yflb ne3a- 
JiescHHMH i 3aKOHHHMH, Tpe6a, BBaxcaB ^paroMaHOB, po3nnipnTH KOMne- 
Teraiiio iBireaHHHX cyfliB i Ha nomTiniHi 3jiohhhh, 3HramiTH b 6\7ii-HKOMy 



* U,e neuio)M2HHJ),tlparoMaHOB (jiopMymoBaE, aK 'Heaprc^KaHicn.BeixKaiootia'ibHocia'i b npi»aiuoM\ 
iny5aiiiHOM> jraini (b iiiKonax, c\jmx. i tji)", Bonn m'lpiiaciics tipaKii piho y box npaiiax MHCHfrreiBi.iB 
•l*niCsnpo[iaimiHHycBo5o^,nporq)aimiiK)aLiii.^ffi.:'BH\TpeHHeepa6(3BO]iiwK^ 
"Ho ijero noBoeBaiDfcbT. "Banmbnt CoKo"-"BmhHaCrtiJiKa" Ta iH. 



63 



BHTJMfli III BiZWJJieHHJI T8 lHUli WKBi3HHJi, a^MiiDCTpaTHBHe 3aCJI8HHS i T.n. n . 

HasiBHicTb 6>70>-«khx nosacyaoBHX penpecifi aae macraBy cTBepaacyBara 
npo rpy6e nopyineHHa npaB mojanm i, nepeayciM, npaBa Ha HeaoTop- 
KamcTb , cnpaBCjunmiiH cya tb cyaosi rapaHTii. Y cBoe*cy BiaKpHTOMy jracri 
ao JIopic-MeniKOBa ^paroMBHOB iracaB, mo MiHiMaabHo Heo6xiaHe, mo 
rpe6a 3po6HTH aaa npHnHHCHHS peBOJnomHHoro repopy b Pocii' i poiBirncy 
KpaiHH b HanpXMi posBHHeHHX eBponeftcbKHX aepxeaB, — ne: " 1 . BiaMimrrH 
He TirabKH nocTasneHMX nicaa 2 kbIthh 1879 poicy caTpairiB 3i BciMa ix 
nocraHOBaMH, aiie ft B3ara:ri bci HaaiBiiHafiHi saxoan, npHHHSTi 3 1663 
poicy i Bci ocoGjiHBi cyan 3 nonnmiHHX cnpaB. 

2. BiflHOBHTH y i'xHix npaBax bcjx rax, xto nocTpaaicaaB Bin aift ujix 
caTparriB, 3axoaiB i cyais. 

3. 3HHIIIHTH III BUUl-ieHHS 31 BClMa ftOMV nOaiOHHMH i JJmW 1XJUMH, 

ram- aflMiHicrpaTHBHoro saoiaHHS, i 3a6e3ne«nrrn HeaoTopKamcTb oco6h, 
He o6BHHyBaieHoi npaBHJibHHM cyaoM..." n . 

Ponb HesajiexHoi cyaoBoi' cHcreMH, Ha ayMxy /IparoMaHOBa, nojiarae 
me ft y TOMy, mo oxopoHa scix npaB Ta cBo6oa jnoaHHH r saBaairaaM cyay. 
jljia HaaaHHa 3Mora peajn>Horo KOHTpcuno 3a aoTpHMaHHSM npaB jhoothh, 
a xaKo* ana npHnHHeHHfl nopymeHb npaB Ta saKOHHHxiHrepeciB rpoMaaaH 
jJparo.ManoB BBaacaB 3a Heo6xiiHe, mo6 cyaai 6vjih HesaJiexcHi i HeimwBiiHi 
opraHBM MicueBoro caMoBpsayBaHHa '", a Taico*, mo6 cyaaa uan npaBo 
niaBJiacHy BianoBiaajibHicTb, b pa3inoTpe6H, BaaBaracb ao 3acTocyBaHHa 
36poflHHX chji ana npHnHHeHHH nopymeHb jnoacbKHX npaB, npn nbOMy 
BificbKOBe KOMaHayBaHHa 3o6oB'83aHe nianopaaKOByBaTHCb cyaoBift 
Baaai 78 . niaKpecjnoioqH, mo ochobhi npaBa inoaHHH € HeBianyxcyBaHi ana 
BJiaan 79 , /(paroMaHOB, BoaHoqac, nepeaoanaB MOHumBicTb neBHHX 
o6MexceHb npaB Ta CBo6oa jnoanHH, 30icpeMa Ha BHnaaoK BifiHii, ajie i b 
TEKoMy pa3i, BBascaB BiH, ui o6Me»ceHHS noBHHKi 6yra o<popMaeHi b 3aK0H0- 
aaBqoMy nopaaxy, Ta hIxto He Moace 6yra npHrsrHVTHH ao BianoBi- 
aajaHOCTi BiflcbKOBHM cyaoM, >ocmo bih He e Bii!cbKOBOcjiy*6oBueM a6o 
BiHCbKOB03o6oB's3aHHM. TaK caMo, hk HaBiTb y pa3i BiHHH HeaonycTHMe 
posnmpeHHa noBHOBaxeHb BificbKOBHX cyaiB, noHBa Haa3BHHaftHHX cyaiB 
a6o opramB ntwacyaoBoi penpecii M . 

Po3po6Ka ,/^paroMaHOBHM npo6jieMH ochobhhx npaB JnoaHHH Mar (Jivh- 
aaMeHTanbHMH xapaicrep. ToaiinHa npaBOBa peaatHicTb, aica He rapaH- | 
TyBajia HeaoTopKaHocTi moacbKOi oco6HCTOcri, KOHTppapopMH 80x poidB, 
aid 3BCJIH HamBeub aocarHeHHa cyaoBoipe<j>opMH, — Bee ue HaoiHo nepeico- 
Hano /IparoM anoua b Heo6xiaHocri rojioBHy yBary npHaiiiHTH caMe 6opoTb- 
6i 3a Taxi npaBa moaHHH, bk npaBo na oco6hct>' HeaoTopKaracTb, piBHicrb 



(i 



vcix nepea 3aK0H0M, ihuikm "innHBiff\ajn>HHM npaBaM". Oco6JiHBy yBary 
bih npMfliiiae rapaHTOBaHocri Ta 3axHCTOBi nepejriieHHx npaB, to6to 
HaaBHOcxi nponcnypHHX rapamifi npaBocyaaa. iJparoMaHOB BurroioBaB 
TaKosc He3aJieacHicTi> cynoBoi BJiaaH, Henifl3BiTHicTb cyay mjcucbhm 
opraHaM BJiajoi to MicneBoro caMOBpsmyBaHHa. Y cbocmv KOHCTHTyujH- 
HOMy npoeicri, po3po6jieHOMy sianoBunio 3,0 yMoB PociftcbKoi iMnepii, 
/JparoMaHOB Bncysac TaKe BaHanrae jjjvi ryMairisauii chctcmh noKapam> 
noJioateHHS, hk HenonycraMicTb noKapaHb, axi npimHacyiOTb jnoflcbKy 

rijIHiCTb, TSK CaMO, HK i 3a6opOHa CMepTHOl KapH i BHKJIIOHeHHH U 13 CMCTCMH 

noKapaHb. Lft 3axoaH, Ha ayMKy .jJparoMaHoaa, noBUHHi 6yjin 6 HeTijn>KH 
cnpiwTM po3BHTKOBi cycmjibCTBa, a Vi ycyHVJiH 6 Tarn naTOJiori™ npOHBH 
npoTecry nporn icnyiOHoro nopamcy, hk TepopHCTirari aiora, HenpHMH- 

peHHHM npOTHBHHKOM HKHX BiH 6yB, 

yceuenoKa3ye, mopiBeHbnpaBOBoipo3po6KH npo6.neM ocHOBHHxnpaB 
jno^HHH y npaiwx flparoMaHOBa He Tim>KH BinnoBinaB MaftBHiiuiM BHMoraM 
ftoro nacy, cycniJibHHM noTpe6aM yKpaiHCbKoro ra unmix HapojOQB, mo 
nepe6yBajm nin nriTOM PocilicbKoi xa ABCTpo-yropcbKoi' iMnepii', ajie h 
cxanoBHTb neBHHfi iHTepec jvm cynacHoro eTany flepxcaBOTBopeHHH b 
YKpaiHi. 3oiq>eMa, ninBHineHHa pom cyaoBHx opraHiB y 3a6e3neHeHHi Ta 
iaxHcii npaB Ta CBo6oa jiioothh e HaraJibHOio noTpe6oio qacy. I ayMKa 
ilparoMaHOBa npo Te, mo cy^BnpaBi BjraBaTHCb ^o BHKopHcxaHHa Bificb- 
KOBoi chuh jura npraniHeHHa hh HeaonymeHHsr nopymeHHs saKOHHHX im'e- 
peciB oco6h, Moraa 6 6yTH nonrroBXOM ana cepno3HHx po3flyiniB Ha.n npo- 
6jieMOK» aBxopiiTeTy cyay Ta ajjeKTHBHOCTi BHKOHaHHH fioro pimeHb. 



4. I poMa/]flHCbKi npaBa i cbo6o/ui 

3 rpoMaaanchKHX npaB jnoamoi, aid nepe,n6a*ieHi cyiacmiMH MijKHapoano- 
npaBOBHMH aKTaMii, y npaiwx Mnxafraa flparoManoua 3Ha*JHa yBara 
npimjjieHa tbichm, hk cBoGoaa nepecvBaHHa i BH6opy Micna npoxaiBaHHS, 
npaBo na nprnyjioK y paii nepeoiiayBaHHH 3a noniTHHHi nepeKOHaHHH m\ 

3 noJliTHHHHX MOTHBiB, UpaBO BCTVnaTH >' UUIH>6 T8 CTBOpiOBaTH cim'io, 

npaBo BonofljTH MaftHOM. B oKpeMHX npannx /(paroMaHOB BHCjioBinoe 
po3yMiHHa BaacjiHBOcTi Ta 3HaieHH9 juw npaBOBoro crarycy oco6h npaBa 

JDOflHHM Ha BH3HaHHH S npaBOCv6'€KTHOCTi, npaBa Ha rpOMaJISHCTBO HK 

o6ob's3ok aepacaBH BHCTjnaTH 3axncHHKOM inrepeciB cboix rpoManim i 
noia Meaca\tH aepacaBH, xo*ja y cynacHOMy posyMumi o6cary Ta 3MicTy 
B Ka3aHHX npaB y .UparoMaHOBa ncMa. Ta ne 3po3yMUio, ocidJibKH Ha toh 



6-7 



qac aKxyaJibHHM imxaHHSM 6yna 6opoxb6a 3a aocarHeHHa ara yKpaiH 
cbKoro Hapoav e:ieMeHTapHHX npaB jhootihh, iinipoKo aeKnapoBaHirx Ta 
rapaHTOBaroix y po3BHHeHHX CBponencbKHXKpaiHax i, BoaHOHac, npakTHH- 
ho HenocrynHHX ara VTqiaiHuiB b o6ox iMnepiax, nonpH Te, mo b ABcrpo- 
yropmiiHi Ha toh iac Bate 6yjia npiiHHHTa kohctht\tjjh. HasmHicTb kohcth- 
Tyuii 30BCJM He BUK-jnciaJia 6e3npaBHoro cTany VKpaiHuiB y FaJura ihi, He 
Ka*'yiH B»cenpo ByKOBHHy Ta 3ajcapnaTTH, nopiBHaHo 3 ihhihmh HapoaaMH 
Lvtnepii. ilcKpaBHM npHKJiaaoM TaKoro aH^epeiurjiioBaHoro niaxoay ao 
pi3HHX HapoaJB 3 6oKy aBCTpiflcLKHX BJiacrefl mohcg 6vth CTaBneHHa ao 
caMoro /IparoMaHOBa Ta moKa Tax 3Bamix couiajricTHHHHX, a, no cyri, 
aHTH\Tq)aiHCbKHx npoueciB y JlbBOBi HanpHKumi 70-x poidB . 

Ti hii iHini npasa jnoaHHH y neBHi icropHHHi nepioan Ha6yBaioTb oco6- 
jihboi rocrpoTH. U,e, Hanpmoiaa, Mo>KHa CKa3am npo CBOooay nepecvBaHHH 
i BH6opy Micua npoaaiBaHHfl, ski b 70-80-x poKax XX ct. 6vjih nocTaBJieHi, 

qqje3 OO'CKTHBHl Ta Cy6'eKTHBHi npH^HHH, B HCHTpi MiHCHapO^HOl 6opOTb6H 

3a npaBa jnoaHHH. Be3 cyMHiBy, He BTpaTHJio cboci aKTyajQ>Hocri ue nn- 
TaHHa i cboroaui. SaKOHoaaBie BHpimeHHfl Ta BperyjnoBaHHH npaBa kojkhoi 
jnojMHH BiitbHO nepecyBaTHCS H ooHpaTu co6i Micue npOHCHBarora y Meacax 
KpaiiHH, TaK caMO, sik i npaBO noKHaaTit 6yab-aKy Kpainy, BKjnoMajoqH h 
cbok) BJiacHy, i noBepTaiwcb y cboio Kpamy, BKpafl Heo6xiaHe «k ana ycmin- 
Horo p03BHTKV npoueciB aepacaBHoro 6yaJBHHUTBa, TaK i ana aoTpHMaHHa 
Ta rapaHTOBaHocri npaB Ta CBo6oa moanHH. BaacnHBicTb Hboro npaBa 
.TK>aHHH am ii npaBOBoro craTycy BiacroioBaB i /JparoManoB, niaKpecino- 
k>«m, mo "rpoMaaa TinbKH Toai 6yae MHJia koschom)', kojih soHa He 
HeBOJiHTb Hucoro: 6yrH b hih hh He 6yth" " . B aanoMy KOHTeKcri /JparoMa- 
hob nia "rpoMaaoio" po3\'Mie aepxcaBy, i, 3Biacn, ftaeTbca caMe npo npaao 
JnoaHHH noKnaaTH 6yab-HKy Kpainy. BiacroioBaB MiiaiHTeJib i npaBO BiJib- 
Horo nepecyBaHHa Ta BH6opy Micua npo*HBaHHa. BiH niaKpecinoBaB, iuo 
icHyioHHH b PociflcbKiH iMnepii nopaaoK, bkhh "He ao3BOJiaB eBpeaM bjjd>- 
Horo npoxcHBaHHa no boh Kpaini" S2 , e cBiaqeHHHM 6e33aKOHHa Ta 6e3- 
rrpaB'a, noBHoro irHopyBamia npaB jnoaHHH. 3i chctcmoio oGMeiKeraia npaB 
jnoaHHH Ha BH6ip Micua npo>KHBaHHa flparoManoBy aoBenocL 3ixKH\THCb 
h oco6hcto, kojih TijTbKH eMirpauia ( Teac, no cyri, BHMyuieHa) BparyBa.na 
hoto BiaToro nuiaxy, aKiiH 6yB xapaKrepHHii aa» DaraTboxaiaKiB \KpaiH- 
cbKoi KyjibTypH, yKpaiHCbKoro HauioHanbHoro pyxy, — 3a6opoHa npo»CH- 
BaTH B YKpaiHi, BiapuB Bia piauoro Hapoay , Bia piaHoi 3eMjri. TiiibKH sa 
36iroM oScTaBHH ^paroMaHOB Rxce y BiaHi aoBiaasca npo po3nopaa)KeHHS 
pocjflcbKHX BJiacTefi npo 3a6opoHy homj npoacHBaHHa b VKpaincbKHX 
rySepmax PociflcbKoi iMnepii xa BHKJiaaaubKoiauJJBbHocTi b yHiBepcHTeTax 



ex 



1 



KiicBa, XapKOBa Ta Oaecn. Ane BHMyinena eMirpania, mca BinipBaua Boro 
uia KH€Ba, xoh i aaBajia vmobh ajis. poGom, Bee * 6yna buphbom bio. 
piaHoro Hapcuj 7 , sin YKpaiHH. Toxc Ha BJiacHOMy cyMHOMy jiocbud nepeico- 
HaBinHCb y BincyrHocri npaB Ha bud>hhh Bii6ip Micua nposcnsaHHa, /^paro- 
ManoB y cBoix npauax BiicrynaB npoxn oomokchi, sod BaBiTb 3aKOHoaaBMo 
icHVBajiw Toai b PociHcwtiH iMnepij mono peajii3auii uboro npaBa, nuncpec- 
hkmohh, mo TUibKH BijiMiHa Bcix 3a6opoH Ha BinbHHH Bn6ip Micua nposH- 
BaHHa b Mescax Kpaimi 6es oniany Ha HauioHajibHicTb, BipocnoBiayBaHHa 
qH 6}'Ji-flKi irain oocTaBHHH aacrb 3Mory HopMajibHoro nporpecHBHoro 
po3BHTKy cycniibCTBa, ocidnbKH 6es ujboro npaBa HeMa niacTas roBopnTH 
i npo muii npaBa Ta cbooojw jooothh. 

BauucaBJUoe TaKO»; TpaiayBaHHH flparoMaHOBHM npaBa Ha npmyjioK y 
pa3i nepecjiinyBaHHa 3a nomnnHi nepeKOHaHHa. 3BicHa pin, npaBo Ha 
npHiyjioK y apyrifi nonoBUHi XIX ct. 6vjio He jihbhhoio, ocidjibKH BHce 
maiHO paHiiue nojiiTHHHi :uHHi, npejicxaBHMKH kymrypn y pa:ii nepecjn- 
.TV'BaHHa y cboih Kpami BjiaBajnicb no eMirpauji, npn UbOMy ihkojih 3a 
aonoMoroio cycwrix .nepjKaB noHOBJnoioiH cboi BTpaneHi no3Huii. IlpoTe 
caMe TOflj, 3 nocHJieHHaM peBOJironiHHHX BHcryniii b paaj KpaiH GBponH i b 
PociHCMOH LMnepii, 30KpeMa, ue mrraHHs HaSyBae hoboto 3Mict\ , oco6jihbo 

niCJia HH3KH TepOpHCTHHHHX aKTIB npOTH npeHCTaBHHKiB BJiajtfl 3 6oKy 

pocjHCbKHxpeBoinouioHq)iB. /IparoMaHOB, y npHHimni He noaiJisnoHHn03H- 
uii moao noxdTMHHHX bShbctb, Bucrynae 3i 3BepHeHHaMH no ypaajB saxin- 
hhx ,nep*aB, y aicnx saKTHKae "lx He BumaBaim pocufCbKOMV ypajxy peBOjnom- 
OHepiB, ockl'ilkii nepecniayioTbca bohh bhkjdohho 3a cboi nomTHHHi 
nepeKOHaHHa, a, KpiM Toro, "BHjiana 6ynb-Koro 3 thx oci6, «khx nepeoiiaye 
pociJicbKHH ypsfl, HasiTb skiho bci ropHan™ (popMajibHocri i 6yayrb aoTpH- 
Mam, ca\te no co6i noTarae Kapy nm Hid oco6h, axa, no cyri, ninjrarajia 6 
cyny, ocidjibKHKpiM noKapaHb, aiciHaKJiaaae eyas Pocii, Moaaia BtanpaanaTH 
na uicjiaHHH i cajarm b nopMy no aflMiHicxpaTHBHOMy CBaBiiuno" *\ 

nicjia 3aMaxiB Ha napa 4paroManoB nmne CTa-rno "TnpaHOBGHBCTBO 
b Pocii i noBeaiHKa 3axiaHoi eBponn", b soda, soKpeMa, ninKpecnioe, mo 
"KO*eH UHBimsoBaHHH ypuji. noBHHeH 3po3yMiTH, mo urroBxae ninaaHiix 
uapa Ha noniTHHHi 3aMaxH i, xaKHM hhhom, noBHHeH BinMOBJiara b bhmo- 
rax pocificbKoro ypajiy BnaaBaTH 3jiohhhujb" S4 . MojKHa cTBepjcKyBaTH, 
mo ^paro.MaHOB po3\MiB npaBo Ha nprnyjioK y pa3i nqjecmayBaHHa 3a 
nomTHHHi nepeKOHaHHa sk oaHe 3 HeBia'eMHHX npaB jnozmmi, rapaHTosa- 
HicTb axoro c o6ob'h3kom KoacHoi UHBini30BaHoi aepxcaBH. To6to /Iparo- 
MaHOB BHBojmTb npo6neMV flOTpnMaHHH Ta rapaHTOBaHoeri npaB Ta 
cbo6o.ii jnojHHH 3 cjto BHyrpirnHboi npoSneura kojkhoi aepacaBH Ha um- 



m 



HapoimHii piBCHb, CTBepjuKyKiH, mo, xona Sy^b-snca jiepx.iiBa He BnpaBi 
BTpyHaTHca y BHyrpiiiiHi cnpaBH imnoiflepacaBH, npoTe umpoica nouwpop- 
MOBaHicn> MiacHapo/JHoi rpoMa/jcbKoen npo (paKTH nopyiuenHH rax ra 
iHmHx npaB ia CBoGoa mojaam y Kpauri, rapaHTOBaHe HaaaHHa imnHMH 
jtepxaBaMH noJimpiHoro npHTymcy ocoSaM, sad nepecjriflyioTbai 3a noiri- 
nnuri nepeKonaHHfl qH 3 6yab-aKHX mumx weojioriHHHX mothbIb, c thmh 
nrnpoKoaocTyiraHMH i, BO/jHoqac, aocrarabo apeKTHBHHMH 3aco6aMH muk- 
HapoHHoi 6opoTb6H 3a flOTpuManHH ra rapaHTOBairicTb npaB Ta cbo6oa 
jho/jhhh. I MOKHa 3 neBHicno CTBep.ipKj'BaTH, mo y Tin iUHpoKiii Miaaia- 
pojiHO-npaBOBiii njanbHocri 3 nin anb npaB jnojaum, snca po3ropHyjiacb 
nicjiH jipyroi cBixoBoi bihhh 3i CTBopeHHSM OpraHi3anji 06'ejmaHHX Haniii, 
cneBHHH BHecoKBHaaTHoro yicpaiHCbKoro MHCJiHTeJia-ryMaHicTa Muxaima 
AparoMaHoBa. 

IlpaBo jdo/jhhh Ha acryn y uuno6 Ta ciBopeHHfl ciM'i .JJparoMaHOB a6co- 
jnoTHo oGrpyHTOBaHo Ticno noB'a3VBaB 3 piBiionpaB 'am hojiobuob i mnoK. 
UUe y cBoifi MaricTepcbiciH aHcepTauii, sanepeTyjoTO TpaflHuitiHy ToiKy 
30py npo re, mo iMnepia b Phmj 6yjia perpecoM i 3aHenaaoM, nopiBHSHO 3 
Pecnyejikoio, b!h nncaB: "Mh He /jyMacMo, ino6 MOJKHa 6yno 6e3yMOBHo 
cxBajnoBara KOHcepBara3M y BWHoineHHi crapopHMCbicoi ciM'i, B hkih 
6aTbK0 Mir npoaara, CTpaTHTH /jpyxamy i cboix .hitch, i mo6 moxchb 6vjio 
He BjnuaBaTH nporpecy b pHMCbKOMy saKOHO/jaBCTBi HacJB lMnepii, jace 
aajio jnoflCbKi npaBa pHMCbKHM jqtsw i xiHKaM i shhuquio KaTOHiBCbKHH 
Ji&JiciuY K . CaMeBuibna 3ro/ja cropiH, mo oapyxyiOTbca, ixhh iopn,m i ma 
Ta ipaKTHHHa piBHicn> npH CTBopeHHi ciM'i 6yjm turn ^paroMaHOBa o6ob'jd- 
kobok) yMOBOio jsm peamHocri BKajaHoro npasa jdojihhh; npH utoMy bih 
ninKpecjnoBas, mo caMc xaiaiii ninxin. e xapaKTepHHM jcm yKpaiHCbKoro 
Hapo^y. 



5. Jlmawa i aepacana 

FlojiiTH™ npaBa Ta cbo6ooti, 6opOTb6a 3a ixhc 3aKOHoaaBHe saKpin;ienna 
Ta rapanTOBaHicTb, 3HaneHHS uhx npaB jiiojjjhh fljia cycniiibCTBa, ixhc 
Micue j' npaBOBOMy CTaTyci oco6h — m npo6jiCMH noctoaioTb HinbHe Micue 
y nomTHKo-npaBOBHX Ta nySjriuHCTHqHHx rrpauax Mnxaftjia ^IparoMa- 
HOBa. .3k nijiKpecjiHB y cBOGMy aocnizwceHHi npaBOBiix norjinnJB MHCHHTens 
B. T. CoKypeHKO, "6ijibiiiy qacmHy cboci nojironmoi TBopnocri .flparo- 
mbhob npHCBflTHB BHemno npo nojriraHHi npaBa Ta cboSojh, hki Bin BBaxcaB 
BH3naHa;n>HHM momchtom ana Bcix ejieMenriB nojriTHiHoro skhtts Ha- 



70 



poay"*. Six y*te lamaqajiocb BHme, TpaxTyBaHHa MHcurrejieM TepMiHy 
"nonmraHa CBoGojja" SHarao innpme Bin cynacHoro fioro po3yMiHna. Tojk, 
roBopa^H npo noniTHiHi npaBa Ta cbo6o.;ih jhojihhh y npauax 
4paroMaHOBa, MaeMo Ha ysasi TiiibKH Ti, am nepeaGaneHi AeKJiapaujao 
fa naKTOM npo rpoMaoaHCbKi Ta nomTwiHi npaBa, 30KpeMa npaBo na 
cbc>6o;tv ayMKn, coBicri i pejuiii, npaBo na cbooo^\ nepeicoHaHb i Ha BinbHe 
ixHe BHaBJieHHa, npaBo Ha cBoSoxry mhphhx 36opiB i acomauiH, npaBo Ha 
ynacTb b ynpaBJiiHHJ cbooo KpaiHoro. nepemHeHi npaBa nocriftHo nepe- 
6yBajiH y noJii 30py /JparoMaHOBa. EIpH ubOMy fioro mxaBUJio He tjjii>kh 
cynacHe saKOHo/jaBie Blip mi ems, a fi humxh BperymoBaHHa npo6jieM, 
noB'soani 3 peajri3ani€K> mix npaB Ha pi3HKx icropHHHHX eTanaxposBHncy 
jiKWCLKoro cyciriJibCTBa. 

3auiKaBJieHicTb OKpecjieHHMH npo6JieMaMH, po3yMiHHa Toro nio6ajib- 
Horo 3HaneHHa, axe bohh MaioTb jyw nporpecy, 3'aBJiacrbc« y ^paroMa- 
HOBa aywe paHO. npHKJiajioM Moxce nocjryjKHTH jihct 3,0 6a-n>KiB, Harm- 
caHHH me y qac HaBiaHHa y nojrraBCbKifi riMHa3ii, b aKOMy BiH, 30KpeMa, 
rincaB: "CidJibKH lyaecHHX craTefi j'hbhjjoci, 3 thx nip, hk BcrynHB Ha 
npecTOJi OjieKcamp i aas hhm cBo6oay cjioaa — 3anopyicy BCboro icpa- 
moro TOMy, mo TiiibKH toaj mihkhh ^ocarHyTH po3BHTKy, kojih Bonca ayM- 
Ka Moxce 6vth cmuihbo BHCJioBJieHa. 06cKypaHTH CKascyrb, mo kojih Bci 
noiHyTb ayuara, to He o66epemc» noMHJioK. riycre — posyM jdojjhhh, as 
6h ;iobfo He noMHJisBca, 3aBxjni 3HaFme BHxtaflo icrHHH. Kpame B»ce noMH- 
JiHTHCb, Hi* anaTHHHo JieacaTH b niTbMi 6e3 zryMKH. U,e mojkh3 nopiBHSTH 
ocb 13 hhm: jqoho noMHJKa — nanuma, to najjaTH Moxce ttjimch toh, xto 
xoOTrrb. a He Toft, xto JiestHTb, £0 Toro hc, JionycTHM, mo ojHe noKOJiuma 
6yae noMHJiarHCH b ojmoMy, saTe boho flocanie b imnoMy, a HacTynHe 
noKOJiiHHa Bace neBHe He 6yae noMHJiaTHcb b tomv, b HOMy noMtuiaJiHCb 
6aTbKH fioro i t.jj. Bce-TaKH bhxw jio icthkh 6yjje, ue 3po3yMtrio ak 2x2" r . 
I ni3Hune, y 6araTbox cboix npauax bih BincToioe BaaoiHBicTb Ta iHaneHHa 
cbo6oot flyMKH, CBo6oan cjioBa juis cycrriJibCTBa i ana jhojjhhh. 

Oco6jiHBe Micue y noraaaax Muxafijia JlparoMaHOBa nociaae npaso 
Ha cBo6ojiy ayMKH, coBicri i penirii. Llifi npo6jieMi bih npncBaTHB 6araTo 
npaub-' Bin rpyHTOBHHx icTopiroaix aocjxwxceHb no nonyjiapHHX BHiaHb 
ajm yKpaiHCbKHX cenaH. iuano rjiaHyra Ha xpoHOJioriio ixHboro nam icaiina , 
to Mo*Ha no6aiHTH, mo, xiao ih imnoM Mipoio, flaHa npo6jieMa 3aui- 
KaBJnoBaJia MHcimTejia yrrpoaoB* ycboro fioro TBopioro «HTTa. Tax, 
npaua "EopoTtGa 3a JjyxoBHy BJiaJjy i cbo6ojj\- coBicri b XVI-XVII cto- 
JriTTi" 6yna HaimcaHa y nepmifi nojiOBHHi 70-xpoidB, a "Ilpo bojuo Bipn" 
— He3aijOBro ao CMepTi. He TOpKaronncb Tyr nirraHHa npo CBiTorjiaa 



'71 



MHCjurrejia, floro oco6ncre CTaBJieima ao pa-ririi, xoTuioca 6 ttjimch 333t 
wm, mo, Ha Ham>' ayMKY, nonpn HaaBJiicn, hjjioi hhskh aocmaxceHi. 13 
m>oro nHxaHHfl *, boho BHBHene aajieKo He ao KiHiw i BUMarae oo'ckthb- 
Horo xa rpyHTOBHoro aocjnn*eHHa. Tlpji uioMy BaxoiHBo qixKo po3Me»co- 
BVBaTH no3Huuo ^.paroManoBa ctocobho peraru'Bjarajri, ctocobho Tojriia- 
Hix o<])iniflHHX pemrifi Ta floro 6opoTb6y 3 KJiepmcajiiJMOM i BiacToiOBaHHa 
CBo6oan coBicri. T\t MO)Kna. ao neBHoi' Mipn, noroaHTHCb 3 O. AHapoBH- 
hcm, jncHfl y craTTi "naM'srri ynrrejia" micaB: "Bee, mo poiBimano eyeninb- 
hhh po3VM, 3BaB ilparoMaHOB aoGpoM; Bee sc, mo craBraio nocTyny nepe- 
noioi, 6yno b oiax floro 3Jiom. Pejiiria, noynaKma jtk)6obh i moaaHocTH, 
nponoBiayio'ja piBHicTb i 6paTepcrB0, aBJiarrbca MorynuM Ky.TbTypHHM 
raHHHKOMipejiirifl, rammpaioHa cboim aBTopHreroM mpaHCTBo i 3a6o6oH- 
CTBO.pemria, 3acTHBina b crapiix (jjopMaxKVJibTy, BincjiaaaioHa cboio HayKy 
Ha He3po3VMiJiifi Hapoay MOBi, He Hece CBiT. a raciiTb floro. fljia xoro 
JlparoMaHOB 6yB 11a exopoHi BCTHKoro cyiacHoro pejririflHoro pyxy na 
YKpaiHi, KOTpHH bhjihbcs b (popMy 6anTH3My" 8S . 

Be3 cj'MHiBy, flparoMaHOB hdcojdi oryjibHO He 6opoBca 3 "pemrieio hk 
oniyMOM itJifl Hapoay", ne BiacroioBaB BofloBmra-ifl axeuM Ta MaTepiajnsM. 
npoTe, Ha naury ayMKY. nJaxpHMyBaB hobi peniriflHi Te»rii b YKpami Aparo- 
MaHOB He TOMy, mo noamaB m HOBiTHi BieHHa, a BiacroioKrai cso6oay 
coBicri Ta piBHicTb ycix BipocnoBiayBairb. Ufa xc ao pemrii ax aacepe^a 
MopajTbHocri Ta jno6oBiao jnoaefl, to xyr .UparoMaHOB BBaacaB, mo "lenep 
rrponoBinb ryMaHi3MV BipHiuie 6yae He 3B'a3VBaTH 3 ... pejiiriaMH" *. I toh 
(paKT, mo noxoBaHo ^paroMaHosa 3a npoTecTaHTCbKHM o6paaoM, mo 
jhkojih noaaeTbca bk CBijqeHHa npHxroifcHOCTi MHCJiHTejia ao npoxecTaH- 
TH3My, 6yjio 6 HenpaBHJibHo TaK TpaKTysaTH. njieMiHHima Muxafljia 
4paroMaHOBa, cecrpa Jleci YiqyaiHKH Ojibra Kocai-KpHBHHioK 3raayBajra: 
"Meni Jleca po3Ka3yBaJia, hk aaabKO npocHB, mo6 He aaBajm floro nicJis 

CMepTH "THM HOpHHM KpyKaM" (TaK B1H Ha3HBaB npaBOCJWBHe fl>XOBeH- 

ctbo, jncoro aysKe ite jho6hb), mo6 bohh He "3aB0HHHH" HaaHHM Ha noxopo- 
Hax. ToMy 3Ba)KHJiH, — pa3 yace He MO)KHa 30BciM 6e3 pejririflHoro o6paay 
[y toh nac y Eojxrapii He ao3BOJiajiocb tbkc noxoBaHHa. — A. T. ], — noxo- 
BarajiaflbKa 3a npoTecraHXCbKHM, hko HaflnpocTuauM (6e3 »coaHoro ll 3aB0- 
aiHH»" — cniBy) i HaflMemn npHKpini tomv ana aa^bKa, a He tomv, mo Bin 
craBHfica npHXHJibHO ao npoTecTaHTCbKoro pyxy. Ilpo ujo npuxHJibHicTb 
a ofl Jleci He ivJia" 91 , 

CaM see /IparoMaHOB B ojbhomv 3i csoix OTicxiB ao Muxafljia IlaBJiHKa 
TaK noacmoBaB CBifl unepec ao npoxecxaHxcbKoro pyxy: "JXyMam ... nonara 
JiiTepaTypy aaa Hanmx 6anTHCTiB, Koxpnx aypHi npo3Bajrn urrj'HaicTaMH, a 



7a 



jnojoi, He 3hhk) hom>', 1 3Bvn. ix Tax, xom caMi ceicraHTH He npHHMaioTb uero 
iMera. HaimcaB s ana AHrmi CTaxefiKV npo 6anracTiB na yKpaini, m bckj'6 
i aBCTpo-nojacbK\ ueirjypy. HaimcaB hhcth b JloHaoH, TaM6ypr i Uiopix i 
enoaiBaiocb 3aB'H3axn npSMi cxocymcH 3 TaMTouraiMH raasaxapjiMH 
oanTHcriB, — i ayMaio nepme BCboio nepeKJiacxH 3BHHaHHHH, — 

OpTOflOKCajIbHHH, — KaTCXHSHC HiMeiBjKHX DaHTHCTiB, KOTpHH EH6H MS He 

saoopoHeiiHH b ABCTpii, — a aaai nycKara Gijibin nporpecHBHi TpaicraTH 
aHTJio-aMepHK. GanrHcriB. Miac hhuqim, ue Mycwxb cnHHHTH i "o6pyceHie" 
yKp. SanTHCTiB — a MO*e nocic 6anTH3M i b ranHHHHi. S\. B3arajii He Bipio, 
mo6 npaBocji. i Kaxoa. Monm 3pa3\ nepeHTH ao Hamoro cBixoraaay i aysKe 
ovb 6h paaHH, hk 6h npoTecraHCbKa nponaranaa npHroTOBHJia naM appory, 
— a kojih HeMa Ha ue cnpaBHCHix npoTecTanTis, to totob caM cnpaBJisnn ix 
c;iyxc6y. 3 npaBoaiaBHHMH Ta me csyixcbKHMH nyraMH Ha Horax aajiexo He 
niaein, — i b TaJDnHHi nepme alio Baapura no hhx" n . 

BHxoaHHH 3 nojiixHHHHX xa couiajiJbHHX noTpe6 yKpaincbKoro Hapoay, 
lOKpeMa b FaaHHHHi, /IparoMaHOB niaaaaaB rocTpiB KpHTHUi i rpeico- 
KaTOJiHHbKe ayxoBencTBo. /lejDciaocjiiaHHKH KTJHTHKyBajm caMe uen HanpaM 
aianbHocTi .flparoMaHOBa. He 6epyqHCb oujinoBaTH 3acJiyra rpeico-KaTO- 
jnmbKoro ayxoBeHCTBa nepea yicpaiHCbKHM HapoaoM, xoxlioch 6 3a3HaHHra, 
mo b XIX ct. He 6yao cepea Hboro scoaHoro npeaeraBHHKa, hkhh 6h 3a 
3po6aeHHM ana piaHoro Hapoay 3Mir 6h xoh tj>oxh spiBHjrmcH 3 ai«Jn>HicTio 
MHxponojiHxa AHapifl LUemHUbKoro HHKapaHHaiia Hocnna Cranoro. Binbine 
Toro, b HeoGxiaHOcri ceK>JiJipH3auii yKpaiHCbKoro HaiaonajibHO-BHSBOJibHoro 
pyxy, >TcpaiHCbKoi Kyjibxypn xa noJiixHKH ^paroMaHOBa me Sinbine 
nepeKOHajia no3Hiria, hky bhcjiobhb y cBoeMy ancxi ao peaaKuji HaconHcy 
".Apyr" o. Cxe$ aH Ka^ana. BiH roicaB, mo 'TJparoMaHOB KJiaae 6amH6y3yKiB 
i saiaJB na piBtti 3 nonaMH, thx ocxaHHLX oco6.thbo 30Be n'HBKaMH, KoxpH 
ccyTb KpoB Hapoay. BiaHicxb Hapoay He KJiaae Ha Kap6 jiiHHBcxsa, 
po3pyTHOCTH i n'HHCTBa, aim xoro, mo xaon mo Mac, Hece ao xhjw, Bin 
npiiHHHy GiaHocra 3Haxo;iwxb B xom, mo xnon aat Ha uepKBy i nonoBH Ha 
viojieoeHb, — i aaai, — mc>kh nonaMH 3HaHayxbca pixon moan, Moao/Tb 6ym 
i Taici, KOTpi npocBny Hapoay ysascaioTb npoxHBHy CBoeMy inxq>ecoBi, aue >k 
xoro b 3aran cKa3axn He MoacHa, 6o xto »c no3aBoanB uncoaH, hk hc norm? 
ripaBaa, ^paroMaHOB 3HaiimoB oaHoro nona no cboih mhcjii, a thm ecxb 
; i'.\?!Miiii.ipn.i riajian-m, Koxpriii i;a*c: nponaryi cuio-j mokii .vionaMii 
xvpxaMH i xpHCTH«HaMH (6es pa3JiiHia HapoaHoexn) i bohhy npoxn 6oriB 
MoraMexaHCbKHX mi xpHCTHHHCbKHX, a6o bohhv thx, mo He MaioTb mnoro 
npoTHB thx, mo inpcb MaioTb... Ccjih xo Mae 3Ha t mxH npocBimaXH Hapoa, 
roraa mh nonn acasKeM oapepxo, are xaKoi npocBixn He xoieM" °\ 



ra 



Orace, craBJieHHJi /IparoMaHOBa ao oicpeMHX rarraHb panrifiHoi npo- 
SjieMH Heo6xinHO BpaxoByBa-ra, posnwaaio™ posyMiHHJi MHCjmTeneM 
npaBa jikijhhh Ha cBo6oay ayMKH, coBicri h pemrii, axe noBHicno cniB- 

3By*IHe BHMOraM MiaCHapOaHO-npaBOBHX aKTiB i3 npaB JIlOflHHH. 

y box cboix npaiwx, TopicaroHHCb, rioo ih jranoio uripoio, npaB Ta cBo6oa 
jnoflHHH, flparoMaHOB nocriftHO niaicpecjnoBaB, mo cBo6oaa coBicri, npaBO 
jnoanHH cnoBiayBaTH 6yab-jncy paiirbo a6o He cnoBiayBaTH jko^hoi penirii, 
nOBHa piBHicTb ycix BipocnoBiaaHb e HeBia'tMHOio qacTHHOio noiriTHHHoi 

CB060flH, Heo6xi£HOIO VMOBOK) BUlbHOrO p03BHTKy CycmJIBCTBa Ta O.HHHM 3 

rojioBHHX npaB jiiojhhh. 

3axpKaBJieHHH j^paroMaHosa npo6jieMOK> CBo6oan coBicri, fioro KOMne- 
xonHicn. y UbOMy nHTaHHi 6vhh HacrinbKH Bemud, mo , BiH6yBaioiH 3a KopaoH 
ana BtiaaHHJi "FpoMaaH", Bin miaHyBaB BHCBiTjnosaTH b UbOMy 
nosaneraypHOMy yKpaiHCbKOMy opram caMe "eBponencbid pejnriHHi nuTaHHs" 
*. flparoMaHOB BHaLrwB cBo6oay coBicTi cepeaiHinnxnpaB moanHH HeTinbKH 
3a B 3HaneHHaM aira inaHBiaa, ajie i ana cycnuibCTBa i aepscaBH 3arajioM. K 
CBoifinpani "Cxuma noniTHKa HiMe>TDnfflio6pyriHH«"BiHnHcaB: "HeinoacHa 
aanepenyBaTH, mo aificHo peairiHHa earners nojiermye eanicTb aepacaBHy, 
nocmnoe 3B'«30K Misc ineHaMH jiepacaBH. Ajie 3 utoro, no-nepme, He craayc, 
mo6 aepxcaBa Mana npaBo cunoio BCTaHOBJnoBaTH eamcTb pejririHHy,pa3 snano 
BOHa nopynieHa a6o He icHVBajia, Towy mo To/n aepstasa nopymye CBsnneH- 
Hinie npaBO oco6h i nopoaHTb Taid smi-tnia i nparaeHira BcepeaHHi ce6e, sad 
3HHmaxb caM\ Mery aepacaBHoro aorrrn: 6nara MaTepiajibm i Mopajn>Hi no 
MOiKiDfflocTiKowHoro u" >BieHa. Fto-apyre, norHaBinHa.,3 Meroio BcraHOBJieHHa 
tanocTi aepacaBHoi, 3a BCTaHOBJieHHSM eaHQCTi pemriiiHoi, nomTiraHa BJiaaa 
BnacHe nocjia6nTb caHicTb aepacaBHy, tomv, mo roHHMa napTia 6yae npar- 
Hyra yiBOpHTH aepacaay b aepaiaBi, na.Mai axrici. yBifrra b cnuncy 3 6jnrcb- 
khmh im ejieMeHTaMH b iHUiHx aepacasax... TinobKH csoSoaa coBicri, to&to 
BiaoKpeMJieHHa noHsrrra npo aepacaBy Bia noHSTra npo pemriio i Moace 
BcraHOBHTH eanicTb aepataBHy" K . 

AHajB3yK) < iH po3BHTOK caMoro noHHTTfl cBo6oan coBicri, ftoro 3HaHeH- 
Hfl a™ cycnijibCTBa Ta 3aKOHoaaB«je 3aKpinjieHHfl i peryjuoBaHHJi max 
BiaHOCHH y po3BHHynix Kpai'Hax, ^paroMaHOB niaKpecjiiOBaB, mo b po3BH- 
Hyrax UHBtni30BaHHx aepacaBax "Bace 3HaK>Tb, mo Bipa caMo no co6i, a 
rpoMaflCbici cnpaBH caMi no co6i, mo KoaceH Moace flyMam npo Bipy, son xoie, 
a b rpoMaacbKHx cnpaBax jnoan bcskhx ayMoK npo Bipy Moac>Tb BucrynaTH 
cninbHo" % . BiiaacaioHii CBo6oay coBicri, peniriftHi nepeKOHaHHH moaHHH, 
lxhh) HeaoTopjcaHicTb uxjismh mm 6opoTb6n 3a 3aKOHoaaBHe saKpinneraM, 
^paroManoB, BoaHonac, niaKpec^nosaB HenpaBOMipHicTb OTOToaanoBamM 



^ 









6opoxb6n 3a HauioHajibHeBH3BOJieHHfl 3 6opoTb6oio sa npaBa BipH hm Sasy- 
BaHHH nojiiTHHHoi 6opoTb6H Ha peniriflHiH ochobl Tax, KpHnncyioHH no3H- 
uiw HapoaoBniB, bih paara feaHy (Pparacy y nonrnnmiii abun>Hocri vim's- 
TaTH, "mo KfiepHKajibHO-yHiaTCbKa noJriTHKa HapoaoBuiB OKpiM Toro, mo 
6c3nnojma b FaJiHHHHi, He cxiana 3 BceyKpamcbKOK) iaeao, 6o oxpiM Toro, 
mo BOHa oxztajia FajowaH He-yniaTiB, Bate 30BciM He iHrepeCHa i HaBiTb 
aHTHnaTHHHa PycHHaM npaBoaiaBHHM b Evkobhhj i Pocii" K : Thm 6un>me 
HecyMicHHM 3i cBo6oaoio coBicri .IJparoMaHOB BBaxaB nporojioineHHH xid 
qn uimoi pemrii aepacaBHOio, naniBHOio. 

Oco6jihbo bwi)thhmh HacnlajcH thkoi nomiHKH 6yjm b PocificbidH 
iMnepii, ae npaBocnaB'a crano (paKTHHHHM 3iiapaaaaM pycnqbiicanji noHe- 
BOJieHHXHapoaiB Ta "nianopoio TpoHy". BHcrynaioHH npora xaxoro oaep- 
*aBJieHHfl uepKBH, flparoMaHOB Ha ntacTaBi KOHKpeTHHx qbaKTiB noKasye 
nepeSpamra npaBocjiaBHoio uepKBoio Ha ce6e nesmix, aajiexo He bhcokomo- 
pajibHHX<})yHKiuH opraHiB BJjaaH. "3 ocraHHtoro 3Biiy, — nncaB .ZJparoMa- 
hob B oflHOMy 3i 36ipHHiciB 'TpoMaaw", — o6ep-npoKypopa cb. CHHoay 
0a«niMO, mo KajiyjKCbKHH apxHpefi 3BejiiB cboim nonaM, ino6 bohh "cTapa- 
jmcb ysHaBan. o nojmneHHH y npaxojKaH Bpeanoro h BOSMyroTenbHoro 
coaepscaHHfl KHiir h ynoTpedmroi Mepbi k HCTpe6jieHHio ohmx h BHHMa- 
7em>H0 Ha6jnoAaJiH 3a npenoaasaHHeM b cemcKHX nnconax h 3a HpaBCTBGH- 
kmmh CBoftcTBaMH yqnTejieH; o Ha6jnoaeHHax ace cbohx coo6inajni 6naro- 
HHHHJbiM fljra aaJibHeionero pacnopaHceHHs...". 06ep-npoKypop, nepene- 
qaTaBHiH ui cnoBa b cbih 3Bh, yce piBHO, mo 3BeniB t«k po6hth bcim nonaM 
no iMnepii. TaK to "napcTBO He ot Mipa cero" hjjikom 3aimcaHO b nojriueH- 
cbKnx" ". Buibiiie Toro, "MHTponoJiHT KHiBCbKHH ApceHifi HaimcaB cboim 
nonaM, mo hk aKHiiaoBeae ce6eao Toro, mo b ftoro ceiri 3aBeaeTbca CBircbKa 
imcojia, to nin toh CTpaTHTb napa<j)iK>" w . CaMe uepKOBHa ueH3ypa He 
ao3BOJMJia apyKyBara yKpaiHCbKoio mobok> pemrifiHy jirrepaTypy. .Hk 
nncaB AparoMaHOB y mien ao MemroHa BymHcbKoro: "Or 3 nonaMii He 
Tax CKOpo 3JiaaHM0. Ui meaosro He nycTBTb hi GBaHrejiia, Hmoro xaxoro 
no yKpaiHCbKH, — noKH 6yae nepKOBHa nemypa" 10 °. 

ripoTe, HesBaxcaioqH Ha ueH3ypHi 3a6oponH, po3yMUOHH "skv Bejimcy 
Bary Mae, noKH mo, Bipa y HainoMY Hapoai" 101 , /JparoMaHOB aKTHBHo 
cnpHsro HaaxoaaceHHio Ha yKpamcbKi 3eMm, mo BxoamiH ao cKJiaa>" Toaim- 
Hboi PociiicbKoi iMnepii', peniriHHHX EHaaHb 3-3a KopaoH>', bhhbjwb 3auiKaB- 
JieHHH nepocjiaaoM yKpaiHCbKoio mobohj Bi6jnT, cnpHjm noaBi TaKoro nepe- 
KJiaav. Tax, Haft6un>m nocTifiHa TeMa jmcryBaHHA /tparoMaHosa 3 FlaHTe- 
TeflMOHOM KyuimeM — nepeioiaacB. IlHCbMa, Haa «khm, tojiobho, TpyaHBca 
HanpHKiHui cbofo schtts Kymra, npo mo bih i mnne ^IparoMaHOBy, 3Haxo- 



' is 



jixhh y uiH npaui cniBTyrrH ft aonoMory 3 Goicy oeraHHboro 10: . B oaHOMy 
ii cboix JDicriB Kviiiui micas ao ^paroMaHosa: "Kojih 6 He Bh, He oy.io 6 
TaKoro nepeioraay Bi6jiu" 1QJ . 

Te, mo ans flparoMaHOBa tojiobhhm y npoGjieMax pemrii 6yjia cbo- 
6oaa coBicrri, nimuepaJKyioTb i ftoro npaui ra jmcTyBamui mhchhtcjih. y 
toh Hac, kojih ftiM Bcid paamcajibHo Ta aeMOKpaxuiHo HacipocHoi mo/ioa 
csoOoaa, couianbHe BH3BOneHRa Hapoay Ta aTei3M 6y.TH nepo jpuBHo 
noB'fl3aHi, ,Z]paroMaHOB He TinbKH TOJiepaHTHo craBHBCH ao pejririftHHx 
nepeKOHam. ko>khoi jnoaHHH, a ft nocriftHO niajqpecjnoBaB, mo "BapTo 
o6opoHJiTH CBodoay He MeHme, His miipHTH caMiift aTciiM. A Mosce me i 
6LTbine, — 60 cnpaBai. xto fioro 3Ha, «m ecn> 6or, mi neMa" ,0 \ ^jih .Uparo- 
snanoBa cyrreBHM € nepeKoHaHHfl HaHmnpinHx Bepcxu Hacejiemui, "mo bch- 
khh npHMve b cnpaBax BipH e pin noraHa i umijuama juis. rpoMaan i aas 
caMoi BipH i mo piaannw b ayMKax jnoacbKHX BHXoaHTb 3 caMoi npnpoaH 
jnoaefi i He TijibKH He iincoaHTb jnoanM, a cjryjKHTb im ao xoro, mo6H aoxo- 
jniTH ao npaBjw Ta BraiepeaHTH oane oanoro Hawoio tb ao6poxoio" m . 
Tomv ^paroManoB, roBopsnm npo npaBa moaHHH, maKpecjnoe HeoGxia- 
HicTb HaaBHOcri cepea unmix npas jnoaHHii TaKoro npaBa, hk "cBo6oaa 
coBicri (BipH a6o HCBip'ji) i bchkoio ny6jriHHoro 6orocjry»ciHHH i oGpaaiB, 
aid He cynepeqan, HopMaM rpoMaacwcoi Mopani. 3 uiei cBo6oaH BHruiKBae 
BiaMuia flepjKaBHoi' nepKBH i neperBopeHHH bcix uepxoBHHX ycraHOB b 
npHBami, sod yrpHiviyioTbCB bwotjoiho 3a paxyHOK dawaionux i ynpaBJia- 
H>Ti>cfl BianoBiaHo ao ix Bom, 6e3 Bcjocoro cnpHSHHa ih BTpyHaHHH ycTaHOB 
UHBUU.HHX [aepHcaBHHX. — A.T.]" 1M . 

CBo6oaa cobicti, Ha ayMKy ^paroMaHOBa, nonarae ft y TOMy, mo 
"kowch Moxe ctohth 3a cboh) Bipy, 3MararH cjiobom mi rmchMOM nepeTa- 
raTH ao Hei jnojxeft" m , toSto b npasi pejiiriftHoi nponaraHan, npn ubOMy 
camniM 3acTepe3KeHHSM M03«e 6yTH TiibKH nince posMeacyBaHHa peniriH- 

HHX T8 ipOMaflCbKHX Cnpa H Ta o6Me)KeHHH, BCTaHOBJieHi B 38KOHOAaBHONCy 

nopaaKy, BBxoaaHH 3 MipKVBaHb rpoMajicbKoi 6e3neKH (ocidiibKH npona- 
ranna thx m\ imiiHX pejiiriHHHX norjumiB He noBiuma "iiiaHiMaTH iintiaaHBy 
KOjioTHeny mokh JuoflbMH" 10s ), HopM rpoMaflcbKoi" Hopajii, npaB Ta iHTC- 
peciB iimmx oci6. 

.QparoMaHOB pimyqe sacyiDKve icHjTOHHfi y To miim ift PocificbKiii ivine- 
pii nopaaoK y cnpaBax pejririi. Bin nimqjecjnoe, mo iuxto He noBimeH 
3a3HaBaTH npHMycy ctocobho cboix pejnriHHHx nepeKOHam,, numaBaTiicb 
nepecjDjiyBaHHio 3 onraay Ha raix. BiH Bucxynae nporn npHMycy piaHO- 
BipuJB y 3Mimamix HLnoSax 13 npaBocjiaBHHMH xpecTHTH aiTeft y npaBO- 
cnaB'a, noKapam> 3a Biaxifl blu m^aBocjiaB's b imui BipoBH3HaHHa, BBa»(ae 



7« 



r 



neaonycTHMHM "3Ba™ ix oopasJiHBHM iMCHHHM po3KOJiy, Mywra BinnaB- 
iiuix no nepeKOHaHnax Bin npaBocjiaB'a bochhhmh oaeicyuiaMH, 3aciiaH- 

HHM B CH6ip, rpOIIIOBHMH IHTpatJaMM, yB'B3HeHH9M B ITOpMaX, B MOHaCTH- 

pax Ta ihiuhmh \THCKaMH" '*. Lft o6MeaceHH«, hb flVMKy JJparoMaHOBa, € 
ne tjubkh CBijweHHXM hobhoi BiacyTHOcTi npaB mojomH b hjh iMnepii, a ft 
,ieMopajii3yioqe BrraHBajoTb Ha see cycninbCTBo fi na aepacaBy. Tomv "npo- 
ronoineHHfl Ta rapaHTOBaHicTb ochob noBHoi peniriliHoi cboSosh" "°, — 
niJKpecinoBaB MHcmrrejib, e Heo6xizmoio yMOBoio po3BHTKy cycnuibCTBa i 
rapMomiiHHX bLhhochh mdk oco6ok> Ta flepHcaBoio, BaauiHBOio CKJiaaoBoio 
tjacTHHoio npaBOBoro craTycy oco6h, Hesia'eMHHM npaBOM jhoahhh. 

feaHHy yBary, nop«K3i cboGo^oh) coeicTi, flparoManoB npnoi.T3B npaBy 
.noaHHH Ha cBo6o/iy nepeKOHam. i Ha Bintne ixne bh«b;ichf-w, axe BKJnoiae 
b ce6e CBoGo^y bijibho jxoTpHMVBaTHCb CBoix nepeKOHaub Ta cBo6oay 
inyicaTH, oaepacyBara i nounipioBaTH irapopMauiio Ta i#ei 6yab-aKHMH 
jaco6aMH. Tsepjio nepeKonaHHH, mo 6yab-awnporpecHBHi 3MJHH y cycniiib- 

CTBl MOHCVTb BtH^yBaXHCb TtUbKIi eBOJBOUJHHHM IBJiaXOM, BiH npHHUWB BeJMKY 

yBary noiroipeHmo nepeaoBiix nporpeciiBHHx iaefl cepejiHaniiBipinHX BepcrB 
napojiy, i b LtbOMy npoaBJiaimct fioro norjiajm Ha pynrifiHi chjih cycniin>- 
Horo nporpecy. flparoMaHOB nociiHHo nimcpecjnoBaB, mo liibKH umpoKa 
npocBiTa Hapofly, 03HaHowuieHHa 3 nepeaoBHMH tteaMH cbhoboi nojriTHHHOi, 
npaBOBOiTa coniajTbHoiawKHMO*'e6yTHnincraBoio nojriTHHHoi 6opoTb6H 
ia HauioHajibHe, nojiiTHHHe i coujaJibHe BtnsoneHHfl Hapojiy. Tom\' CBo6o^a 
uioBa, HasBHicrb BJjn>HoinpecH, 3aKOHoaaBio BH3Haqem ueroypni Mead i c 
thmh Heo6x«HHMH yMOBaMH, 6e3 «khx He Mosce i iiTHCH npo CBoGoay nepeKO- 
Ham. ra BinbHe ixhc BHHBJiemia. 

CBo6o.ua npecu hk caMoiuHmifi couiajn>HHH (peHOMen BOflHonac e Heo6- 
xijHoio nepejiyMOBOK) HajmHocri, rapaHTOBaHocTi Ta 3axHCTy Bcix ihubix 
npaB Ta cbo6oa jnoflmm, nepeayMOBOK) nporpecHBHHX 3mih y cycnijn>CTBi . 
ToMy y cbo'ih craTTi "CTapi HyayiH nepeji. hobhm uapeM" bih nncaB, mo 
Heo6xi.nHO b PociHCbidti iMnq)ii "nepin 3a scejiaTH cso6oaj npecH, aKa Mosce 
Biipa3HTH noxpeSH HapojDB" "'. 

PosnrowaioiH kohchc 3 npaB .thwouui He TinbKH y imam ixHboro cyjac- 
noro saKOHOAaBioro peryjnoBaHHa Ta nepcneKTHB po3BHTKy y Mafi6yTHbO- 
m> . UparoMaHOB BOflHonac 3 no3HujiieropHKa npocrexcye fioro 3apoa*eHHa 
Ta posBHTOK b icropHHHOMy npoueci. TaK, me b oaHiH 3 nepraHX cboix 
icTopipiHiix npaiib, npHCBaneHnx iMnepaxopy Ti6q>iio, npaniyHH o6'£tcthbho 
i Bce6™o oujhhth noro aJa.nbHicTb Ta pout y pHMcbKifi icTopii, /UparoMaHOB 
BmnJiaB hk 6e33anepeiH> 3acji\T\ Ti6epia toh 4>akT, mo BiH nociiflno nin- 
KpeciooBaB: "Y BLTbran fl.ep>KaBi i cjiobo, i ayMica noBHHiri 6vth Bi.TbHi" " : . 



flparoMaHOB 6vb nepeKOHaHHH, mo po3BtrroK JHoacbKoro cycrrimcrBa 
noBHHeH cynpoBo^acyBaracb posnmpeimaM npas jhoothh, y TOMy HHCJri i 
npaBa Ha Bu&He BucjioBjnoBaHiia cboix nepejcoHaHb. B ojmoMy 3 jxhctIb 
BiH ruicaB, mo nimo He aonoMOxee ycniniHOMy npoBe^eHHio aeMOKpanraHnx 
nepeTBopeHb ra petpopM b PociftcbidH iMnepii Kpame, tax "Hayxa i jxeranbHa 

KpHTHKa mil KpaCBHX" m . I OCOSjIHBe 3Ha<ieHHfl T)T HaJieJKHTl. BUIhHHM, 

no3aueH3\pHHM BnaaHHHM, Hexafl to 6yAyn> rasern, xcypHajm, 6poinypH, 
khhth. Caiae Taid uijii craBRUH "CTapa TpoMana" i flparoMaHOB, kojih 
posnoiHHajra BHjiaHHH 'TpoMaaH 1 '. I nnmine, kojih JitnepH "CTapoi Tpo- 
Maaa" BtDWoBMUHCb Bin npoflOBScemra (pmaHcyBaHHsi 'TpoMajm", mothbv- 
KJHH Ue XaKO* 1 THM, mO nOJIlTHHHi BEWaHHH HeaocTaTHbo etpeKTHBHi i 

KopHcni zpra posropTaHHS yKpaiHCbKoro pyxy Ta mo ycHa nponaraaaa 
jHa^HO Kpama, — /JparoMaHOB pimyne 3anepeiyBaB TaKy no3Hnno, nui- 
tcpecjnoioHH Heo6ximricTb yKpaiHCbKHx BnaaHb, aid 6 nrnpHjni cepcn rpo- 
MaflCbKocTi "eBponeficbKO-yKpaiHCbKi inei" IU . 

Po3rJiamaiOHH CBoGoay nepeKOHaHb hk oflHy 3 b3>kjihj»hx cboSoa 
jhoohhh, ilparoMHHOB 3po3yMiB Heo6xiziHJcTb HaaBHOcri Ta rapaHTOBa- 
HOCTi thx npaB i cbo6oa, aid cTaHOBJiHTb ochobv npaBa Ha CBo6ojry nepe- 
Konam., BHSHanaiOTO ix hk mojkjihbi ihjihxh smHCHemw moaHHOio CBoro 
npaBa Ha cBo6oay nepeKOHaHh, to6to MOHumBocri BuibHoro nomyicy, 
orpHMaHHH Ta noinHpemw cboix meti Ta UKpopMauji', jnca Heo6xinHa ajih 
06rjn'irryTsaHH}iBKa3aHHxtaeH ™ 63'flb-incoi iiniioiiHipopMami, sky moflHHa 
6a»cae nomnpioBaTH, 3a yMOBH, mo tum tnei Ta unpopMauia He Mo*yTb 
3auiKojxHTH rpoMaacbKOMy nopJuiKy Ta cycniJibHiH Mopajn. BHXOflasH 3 
utoro, /^paroMaHOB BH3HaiaB BKaiaHenpaBO, hk "cBo6o;ry cjioBa, apyKV, 
TeaTpiB i HaBHaHHa" 11S , Ha namy ayMKy, BHinora CBo6oflH TeaTpiB Ha 
cborojmiumiHaeHb, npn posBHHyriH cHcreMi pajno Ta TejieMepead, 3ByiHTb 
ne 30BciM aKryaiibHo, ane b XIX ct., kohh TeaTpH, nopyn i3 apVKOBaHHMH 
BHJiaHHHMH, 6yjm hh He cothhmh KaHajiaMH nomnpeHHH i_neH, OKpeMe 
3acTepe*eHHH ctocobho ixHboi cbo6o;m 6yjio hjjikom oSrpyHTOBaHUM. Tyr 
ixopemo 6yae 3raaaTH, mo iy TaK 3BaHOM\ EMCbKOMy yKB3i OKpeMo 3raay- 
Bajiocb npo yKpaiHCbKHH TeaTp, To«amne — npo 3a6opoHy yKpaiHCbKoro 
TeaTpy. To6to flparoMaHOB, po3raaaaK)HH aaHe npaBo, MaB Ha VBa3i Ti 
mokjthbj (popMH BHpa»ceHHfl Ta noumpeHHH cboix inefi, HKi JUOOTiHa Morna 

BHKOpHCT8TH Ha TOH iaC, p03yMUOHH BaHUIHBiCTb CB060flH BC1X (pOpM 

BHpaaccHHJt Ta po3noBCK>,nxceHHH iH(popMami". BjiacHe tomy b aanoMy nepe- 
jriKy HaiHBac n,cH i cBo6oaa HaBHaHHH. IlpHHOMy, fiaeTbca He npo npaBo 
Ha HaBiaHHH, a cavie naBHaHiia hk o^hh 3i cnoco6iB nomHpeHHH Ta npona- 
raaaH neBHiix nornaaJB. 



7S 



Po3rjEMaK>?H HacrynHe npaBo jnoaHHH, skc ^eiuiapaixifl noaae inc "npa- 
bo Ha CBo6oay mhphhx 36opiB i aconiaum" lH , mychmo 3a3HaHHXH, mo 
^paroMaHOB, UK i IlaKT npo rpoMaaaHCbici i nojrixinDri npasa ,n , npaBo 
Ha cBo6oay 36opiB i npaso Ha cBo6oay acouiauiH po3niaaae «k aBa pbra 
npasa, aid, BianosiaHo, BHMarawxb oKpeMoro niaxoay Ta caMocriHHoro 
npaBOBoro peryjnoBaHHa, jaKpiruiCHHs xa rapaHTyBaHHS, TaK, flparoMa- 
hob BH3Haqae "cBo6oay 36opiB, nexHni8 i saaB 30BHiiiiHiMH maicaMH (Ma- 
jnoHKaMH, npanopaMH. npoueciflMH xa in.)" Ta "cBo6oay xoBapHCXB i 
06'caHaHb" " B . IlpH ubONty, p03rjDwaK>iH npaBo 36opiB, bih 3a3Haiae, 
mo b aaHOMy pa3i npaBo o6Me3icyexbca BHMoraMM aoxpHMatma 30Bmm- 
Hboro nopaajcy Ta 6e3neiai b Hacejieimx nymcxax. Posraaaarora MHpHi 

36opH «K OilHy 3 BaJKJIHBHX <j>OpM tlOJOXmHOi p060XH Cepefl HaceJKHHS, 

BiH, noiHHaio'JH 3 1875 p., kojih fioMy aoseaocb Bnepine no6yBaxH Ha 
HapoanoMy Biii b TaJHRHHi, i ao Kimis xcHTxa y cboix npaiwx, a oco6jihbo 
b imcxax ao cboix rairaithKHx KopecnoHaeHxiB, 30KpeMa Mnxaftjia 
llaBJiHKa, iBaiia Opamca, Teo<j>ijia QicyHeBCbKoro Ta unmix, npnaiJiaB 
VBary BaocKOHajieHHio <})opM npoBeaemw xaKHX 36opiB, nopaaKy o6roB0- 
peHHH nnxara> Ha hhx, Siabin ecjieKXHBHOMy BracopwcxaHHio BKa3aHoro 
Mexony po6oTH cepea HacejieHHa, thm 6iiibrae, mo xoroiacHe saKOHO- 
AaBCTBO ABCTpo-yropobKoi iMnepii HaaaBaxo TaKy 3Mory. Eixbme Toro, 
JUparoMaHOB paioM 3 M. FlaBJiHKOM HairacaB npaiqo "npo Bina", ana, 3 
onway Ha rocxpoxy npo6jieM xa aKxyajibHicxb ana yicpaiHCbKoro Hace- 
JieHHfl TajiHHHHH, 6yjia Haaxo He6e3neHHoio ana aBcxpificbKHX BJiacxefi, 
nepe3 mo.iT i KoraJricicyBajia ueroypa. 

Ojnricio 3 npo6jieM, ao nopyniHB ^paroMaHOB, BHCBixjuoioHH nHTaHHa 
opraHisauii xa npoBeaeHHa MacoBHx 36opiB rpoMaaaH, 6yna npo6jieMa 
ixHboro BHKopucxaHHa y nepeaBH6opHifi 6opoxb6i 3 xhm, mo6MaKCHManb- 
ho BHKopHcxaxH ti, xafi i aocHXb oSMeaceHi, npasa xa MoaumBOCTi, aKi 
Haaasaaa HHHHa KOHCXHxyiaa moao y^acri b ynpasjiiHHi aep*aBOK>. IlpaBO 
jnoaHHH Ha yiacTb b ynpaBJiiHHi csoeio KpaiHoio, 6e3nocepeaHbo a6o qepe3 
BinbHo o6paHHx npeacxaBrondB, 3HaHnuio aocxaxiao noBHe i rrjyHxoBHe 
BHCBixjieHHa y npanax ^paroManoBa. IHe nepe6yBaK>HH b HayxoBOMy Bia- 
paaxeHHi b 3axiaHifl €Bponi, bih uiKaBHXbca bhSophhmh 3aKOHaMH pi3HHX 
KpaiH GBporoi, nopaaKOM (pyracuioHyBaHHa xa Biipinicinia oKpeMHX rarram. 
napnaMeHTaMH. 3auiKaBinoe fioro i aiaJibHicrb bh6ophhx opraHiB b 
ABcxpo-yropcbKifiiMnepii, 30KpeMa BiaeHCbKoro napjiaMeHxy xa rajnnjb- 
Koro cefiMy. B oaHOMy 3 jmcxiB ao EymHCbicoro BiH npocHXb ocxaHHboro 
HarmcaxH: "CicinbKH 6vjio Ha ceciax aenyxaxiB pycbKHX y Cefmi abBiBCbidM 
i uiaeHCbKHM oaHaiajia KOHcxaxyuii i aKoro cxaHy?" "'. rii3HinieBJHpaaHn. 



79 



BiflOMOMy nomnraHOMy Ta rpoMajtcbKonty Aiaiesi Teo(pijiGBi GicyHeBCbKOMy 
BH3HaHHTH 6opoTb6y 3a 3arajn>He BH6op>]e npaBO sac 6e3nocepe,ziHe nom- 
xx-nHe laBjiaHHJi BCboro yKpaiHCbKoro pyxy b TajniHHHi lx . /^paroManoB 
BBaflcaB, mo "Bci oco6n, ski .nocanm 21-p™oro bIky, noBHHHi KopHcxy- 
Baraca BH6opiHM npaBOM i npasoM 6\th o6paHHM ao 6yjo>->tKHX npea- 
cxaBHfflibKHx 36opiB i Ha nocazui o6ihhhhi. bojiochi Ta nosixoBi; zuw npaBa 
ac 6yrH o6paHHM Ha 36opH i noca;m o6jiacHi [b aatioMy pa3i o6nacTL 03uaiae 
neBHHfl uiiricHHH eKOHOMiKO-eTHiHHUH perioH; TaK, Bci yKpaiHCMci 3eMJji, mo 
BxoflHjm 3,0 cKJiaay PociflcbKoi iMnepii, Ha ayMKy /JparoManoBa, Moran 6 
6yra nojoiiem Ha TpH Taxi o6jiacTi. — A.T.] i aepxcaBiri Heo6xiaHHH 25- 

JBTHiHBiK" 121 . CjIHHHM oGMOKeHHHM, TOHHUIie — VMOBOK) HajtaHHfl BHOOpHHX 

npaB , e TinbKH bucobhh nem, i Te, mo but aemo Binntm Bia hhhi npHHHHToro, 
noflcraocTbCfl no3Hmeto ,QparoMaHOBa ctocobho ynacxi mojiojd y nojiiTHHHift 
jjanbHocri, noro BiH 6yB npHHUHnoBHM hpothbhhkom, BBaxatoin, mo 
nepeOTacHe bkjdo Hernia rpoMaasHima y nomnnnry /riajxbHicxb He aae smoth 
oi-pHMara HaJieaory ocb1t> Ta apopMyBara 3pir[HH norrom Ha HCHTTa, mo b 
MaH6yTHi>0My MO*e craxH, a 3fle6iia>iiioro i e, cepflo3Hoio nepeiuKoaoio jqul 
Toro, mo6 i3 mojioaoi jhoahhh aJvopMyimBca spuinii xa AocraTHto o6i3HaHiifi 
ncwiiTHHHHfi hh rpoMaacbKHH msH. Ha ayMKy .UparoManoBa, "Tenep bscc 
npoftmoB nac, kojih KepyBaTH cycnuibCTBOM MornH jdo^h o/odix tlubkh 
"ropaHiixnqjcKOHaHb", "necHHX nparHeiu>", "namcoro cjiOBa",ao Btixnax 
aKocrefl HeooxiaroiH aonaxoK — ninci 3HaHHa cycnimHiix HBHm Ha 
6aTbKiBmHHi i sa KopjioHOM, toSto Ha 3H8hhomv npocropi, i npn ubOMy 3a 

TpHBaTOHH Blflpi30K lacy, TOMY mo B lHIHOMV BHnajrpcy OOOB'aiKOBO "KepiBHHK 

cycnijibCTBa" 6y,ne KopoiK03opnH i nonaae b xajieny" '-. Boimonac cjiifl, 
3a3Ha»nn'H i mo 4paroM3HOB acHo ycBuioMjnoBaB, mo HaaBHicTb y Bcix 
bh6ophhx npas me naneKo He e rapaHTioo ojmaKOBHx MoacnHBocreH roia 
npeacTaBHHidB pbroix BepcTB xa rpyn HacejieiiHa Ha yqacn> b ynpaBJBHHi 
AepacaBOK). ToMy bhi 3a3HaiaB, mo "3aK0HH npo BHSopni cxo^h i oKpym 
noBHHHi 6yrn aaiajieHi xaiaiM iibhom, mo6 o6paHi Morjm npeacraBJiaTH He 
TiibKH 3KHTeniB ycix MicHesocreH, ajie ii, no MoaumBocTi, bcix BnaciB 3aHHTb, 
a TaKoaj He TiiibKH 6iJibinocTi, ane u MeHiuocri" ia . Bnacae um oniaaoM 
po3yMiHH« XlparoMaHOBHM npaBa moaHHH Ha ynacTb b ynpaBJiiHHi 
nep»caBoio Heodxiano po3raaaaTH floro nornajui Ha posbhtok MicueBoro 
Ta perioHajBiHoro caMOBpajyBaHHa, a xaKo»c ftoro BieHHa npo (peaepaJiisM 
[M . Ilia nomTHHHOK) CBo6oaoio ^paroMaHOB p03yMie npaBa jdo^hhh Ta 
rpoMaaaHHHa Ha caMOBpajtyBaHHa, i BHMora "6e3nepeuiKoaHoi caMOBnpasH 
(aBTOHOMii) ana kojkhoi rpoMaan b u cnpaBax" m c, no cyri, BHMoroio 
HaaaHHa xa rapaHxyBanHa yiacri rpoMa,naHHHa b yxipaBJiiHHi aepjKaBOK). 



n 



PoorjraaaioHH pcnvMiHHfl /tparoMaHOBHM npaBa jnoflHmi Ha ynacTb b 
^TfpaBiriHHi aep»caBOK>, Heo6xiaHO 3a3nawrH, mo Bin Ticno noB'jnyBaB ne 
npaBO 3 npaBOM kohchoi jhojhhh Ha piBHirii aocTyn no aepxaBHoi cji\'5k6h 
i BBajKaB "o6Me5KCHHfl npaBa cji>»c6h KararcHKiB i cBpeiB" m , sice 6yjio 
\apaKTq>HHM flJia PocificbKoi iMnepii, rpy6nM nopymeHHSM npaB momnm. 
Ha ayMRy flparoMaHOBa, ttjukh piBHe npaBO KoatHoro rpoMaasHHHa Ha 

BHKOHaHHH neBHHX CJTyJK6oBHX OOOb'sBKIB, 3 \TJaXVBaHH»M iHTeJieKTV- 

a.TBHHX Ta npo(peciHHHX 3ai6HocTeH xa 4>axoBoi' ocbIth, Taic caiao, sac i 
piBHi npaBa npH oSpaHHiaepwaBHHXTa MicueBHX opraitiB, — eHeoBxianoio 
\moboh) ycniiiiHoro 4>yHKnioHyBaHHSi Ta posBHncy BCboro aep*aBHoro 
Mexam3M\. iHaicine, HeMoacjiHBO tobophth rrpo icnyBaHHa npaB moaHHH 
ra nqscneicTHB mix nporpecuBHoro po3BHncy aepxcaBii. 

3aBq)in> r K» , iHpo3rJiaanor.TaaiB .UparoMaHOBa Ha nomnniHi npaBaxno- 
hhhh, HeoSxizmo 3a3HaHHTH, mo BiH npaBHJibHo posyMiB "ixhk> pom> Ta 
3FiaieHHfl hk flfia npaBoBoro crraTycy oco6n, TaK i AJia cycnwbCTBa 3arajioM. 
1 BejiHKa KijiEKicTb npaub, npHCBSHena MHCJttiTejieM BHCBmieHHio Ta po3- 
po6ui thx hh imnHX nomTH"iHHX npaB jik>,hhhh, CBizmHTb npo iioro nocriH- 
Hy yBary ao uiri npoSneMH i fioro bhcokhh cpaxoBHii piBeHb y niaxoaj ao 
ixuboro po3rjiajr\' xa 3aKonojiaBMoi perJiaMemaui'i. BHcrynaioTO opraHii- 
hok) lacTHHOK) Bciri CHCTeMH norjraaiB MHCJDrrejM, nomixpiHi npaBa Ta 
cbo6oot, 30KpeMa cBofioaa coBicxi, npaBO na ynacrb b >TipaBJiiHHi aepwa- 
boio Ta Biipiiiiefnia aepxaBHHX cnpaB, Ha hkomv 6a3VK)Tbc« noniaaH,Hparo- 
Maiiona Ha cpeaepaujio Ta caMOBpaayBaHHS, nociaaioTb b fioro TBopiocri 
oco6jmBe Micue. Ixna po3po6Ka M&Ta 4>yHaaMeHTajibHe 3HaHeHiw jew BCbo- 
ro noaajBbiuoro po3BHnc\ yKpauicbKoi npaBOBoii ayMKH, i Ha cboroaHiin- 

H1H flCHb CTaHOBHTb He TLTbKH iCTOpHKO-rU3HaBaJIbHHH, 3 H npaKTHHHHH 

Ta TeopeTHHHHH iHTepec i, 6e3 cyMHiBy, BHMarae norjm6jieHoro aocjiia- 
«eHHa Ta bhehchha. 



6. Fl <». ii 1 HMiie i couiaJibHe — aaa aci ick 1 11 o.uii cT upoil icmh 

Boporb6a 3a nomraHHy CBoSoay HeMmryje noBHHHa 6yJia npHBecm i npH- 
Bena /IparoMaHOBa ao bhchobk}', mo '^SepesceHHa aroacfcKoi riaHocii 
HeMojKJiHBe npH oamfi TinbKH iOBHiumiH noiriirraHiii cBoGoai, a BHMarae 
CKoHOMiHHoi3a6e3neieHOCTi" ir ,aaJiHHboroHeo6xiaHHM "neperjiaaBCboro 
conjajibHo-eKOHOMiiiHoro craHOBHrna napoaioix Mac" 12S , HaaBHicTb i rapaH- 
TOBaHicTb He TbibKH noiiiTH'fflHx to rpoMaasiHCbKHx npaB jnoaHHH, a ii 
eKOHOMiHHHX, comajibHHX Ta KynbiypHHX. Tomv ^.paroMaHOB npnzpJiflc 



st 



m>oM> KOMmieKcy npaB jnoaHHH He Memny yBary, hijk hiiiihm, a ihkojih 
BHcyBae ix HaBin. Ha nepinHfi jinan. Xoia cnxn sayBaxcHTH, mo, po3yMiioHH 
B3aeMonoB'»3aHJcn> i, 3HaiHOK> Mipoio, B3aeM03yMOBneHiCTb ycix npaB 
jHoajmH, bih, BonHonac, hitko AH(Jyq)eHuiioBaB niaxia ao eKOHOMiwux, 
Kyjn>TypHHX hh nojiiTHHHHX npo6jieM. B O^HOMV 3i CBOifx JHICTiB ao 
Muxafljia IlaBJiHKa bih 3acrepirac ocraHHboro Bin y3arajn>HeHoro niaxoay 

SP pi3HHX CTOpiH CVCIDJIbHOFO JKHTTfl, BKa3VK)HH, 30KpeMa, mo OUifflOBaTH 

KyJibTypHo-HauioHajibHi cnpasn 3 no3HuiH coujanbHo-eKOHOMiHHHX — "ne 
BCe piBHO, UIO MipHTH nojie JBTpaMH" 125 , 

CaMe 3 no3Huii ckohomIhhhx xa conjajibHHx npaB .noanm-i niaxoaHTb 
.UparoMaHOB i ao couiaJricTHTHoro pyxy. ,Ujih .UparoManoBa "conjajric- 
THHHa cnpaBa Mae npaKTHTHHH xapaicrep couiam>Hoi no.TmncH, i, Ha ayMKy 
MHciorrens, Taici pe«n, jqc 8-roaHHHa po6oTa aa;ieKO isaxmiiui , mm cnopw 
npo (JiopMH ... KOJieKTHBi3My (aepxaBioiii hh rpoMaacbKHfl) i HaBiTb C3M 
KOJieKTHBi3M. OicpiM Toro, BascHi nojtiTHHHi i KyJibiypHi rpyHTH ana cou. 
nojDTHKH, hk saraabHe BH6opHe npaBo, TexniiHe BHXcHBaimg i T.i. TpeSa 
noBwracb TOTBHTHCb Ha cou. pyx He 3 ceinrspcbKoro (hh peBOjnoiiiHHoro, 
■nrKOHcepBaraBHoro) nonraay, a 3 rpoMaacbKo-eBOJoouiHHoro" lK ', Ha fioro 
nyMKy, "KOTpa 3aBuie 6yjia epenraHOio ana MHorax mo'ix npHHTeniB-conia- 
mcTiB, a BJiacHe, mo b TenepiinHbOMy couiajibHOMy pyxy, HasiTb poSiT- 
rombKOMy, cnpaBa, BJiacHe KOMyra3M:y 3aiiMe He aysoe 6araTo Micna, a mo 
toh pyx BHCj'Bac Ha nepiUHii nuaH Taici cnpaBH, hk iac po6onoro ami, 
HopMa njiara po6iTHHKaM, y6ecneqeHHa po6iTHHKiB i T.n." '", snci, BJiacHe, 
i BHioiHKaioTb iHTepec Ta niarpHMKy mhcjihtcim. 

BroHanaioiH "cBo6oay Bn6opy saHJirra" hk oaHy 3 BaxcjmBux cBoooa 
JDoaHHH, /^paroMaHOB ninKpecjnoBaB, mo npaBo Ha npamo c ouhhm 3 
HaHJCTorainiHX npaB moanHH, ocidjibKH boho aar in 3Mory He TinbKH 
3apo6jra™ Ha jkhtth i uhm niaipHMyBara cboc icHVBaHHS, aJie i caMe mutts 
moanHH po6HTb HacnpaBai JnoacbKHM — BH3HaHae ceHC i Mery icHYBaHHH, 
HanoBHioc HCHTTa ayxoBHHM 3MICTOM. Y imciiffp O. M. nnniHa bIh micaB 
me 1870 p.: "Koxchomv xotuioch 6 npoxcHTH buc, HHMOcb BHaimiBinHCb is 
MacH 4imoBHHKiB, KOTpi bihho HCHByTb b Heaopo3BHHyTocTi i b crpaci nepea 
HanaubKHKOM, BHUJUHTHCb He oamiM, 3BHHaflHO, CTaHOBHmeM, aJie h npa- 
ueio, i npn tomy BijibHow, He3ane»tHOK) npaueio" !,: . Tomy flparowaHOB 
npnaiiwc nocriHHy yBary y cBoi'x npauax Ta y cboih cycniibHo-nojiiTjiHHiH 
aUnbHocri nirraHHio npaBa Ha npamo, rocTpo KpHTHKyKHH nopymeHHa 
a6o oSMeaceHHa 3 6oKy BJiaaii nboro npaBa. Y 36ipHHKy 'TpoMaaa" Jlparo- 
MaHOB nocTiHHo, nopjia 3 ihuihmh mtraHUHMii, po3rnaaaB nop\TueHH« 
npaBa Ha npamo, no36aBneHHS 3Morn npamoBaTH 3a cnemajibHicTK) 3 



83 



r 



orjiaay Ha nojriTHHHi MipKVBaHHa to HaruoHajn>H) a 60 perariftm npuna- 
jiexemcTb. B oanoMy ai 36ipnHKiB Bin 3BepTaerbca 40 iHTaiiB 3 npoxaHHSM: 

"XTO MO)Ke, 3fl06>TH i npHCJiaTH HaM TOH CnHCOK (BHTHaHHX 3 CJiywSH 

VHHTeJiiB i yroTejmoK, a6o TaKHX mo He BeneHO nycKa™ b imcojni)", — 
mo6 ony6jiiKyBaTH fioro jum osHafioMJieHHH mnpoKoi rpoMaaebKocri 3 

THMH rOHiHH«MM, SKI noHaJMCb niCJIH EMCbKoro VKa3} Ha VTOTOliB B 

yKpaim ai . 

^paroMaHOB BBa3KaB Heo6xiaHHM ana aocsrHeHHa Hajie>KHoro pery- 
LKiBairna eKOHOMiiHHX npaB Jnoanrai CTBOpeHHS urapoKoi Mepeai opraHi- 

3aUJH po6iTHHKiB 13 THM, IH06 BOHH MOrJIH OpraHi30BaHHMH BHCTJTnaMH 

joMorrHCb BianoBiaHoro 3aKOHoaaBHoro 3aKpiiuieHHs cboix npaa, Hajiesc- 
hhx jtiiob npauj Ta ii oruiaTH. BiH rmcaB, mo 3mihh b HanpHMi po3nrapeHHa 
t rapaHTOBaHocri couiajibHHX Ta eKOHOMiiHHX npaB noTpedyioTb B3aeMoaJi 
Ta noeflHaHHfl HH3KH tohhhkib. /IparoMaHOB HasuBac Tpn ejreMeHTH, 3 
hkhx CKJiaaaeTbCfl coujanbHHH noeryn. iHreneKTyajibHi couiafliCTH c Teope- 
nncaMH, KpHTHKaMH i nponarannHCTaMH couiajibHHxpecpopM. JJpyrHM eue- 
MeHTOM e MacoBi po6iTHira pyxH (ciujikh, KoonepaTHBHi TOBapncTBa 
toiho), a TaKO* aHaJioriHHi ce.iflHCbid pyxH. I TpeiiM eJKMeHTOM e saxoan 
jepscaBHoi Bnaan Ta ypaay , cnpaMOBaHi Ha ycyHeHHs to noM'snaneHHa coui- 
ajibHoi' HecnpaBeaxBiBOCTi. JIk npHKJiaa /JparoMaHOB HaBoawn. aHrmH- 
cbKiiH 4»a6pHiHHH 3aKOH. Yci uj oieMeHTH poB.TSTb CBifi BHecoK y couiajn.- 
hhh nocryn. I, na ayMKy /I,paroMaHOBa, Heo6xijBHO 3HafiTH ana hhx 06'ea- 
nyio-ie Haiano. BjiacHe, Taicy MeTy CTaBHB BiH, cTBopioioTO npoeicr "BimHa 
CntiiKa". y poacHeHHi ao utoro npoeiny .ZJparoMaHOB niicaB, mo b HbOMy, 
iijjiflxoM nocaHaHHfl Ta chhtcsv pe<popMicTcbKoi nporpaMH "MaKCHMyM" 
leMCbKHX KOHCTHiynioHanicTiB i Jii6epajibHoi npecH Ta MiHiMaJibHHX npo- 
rpaMHHX BHMor CBnponettcbKoro couiajiicTMHHoro Ta po6iTHHHoro pyxy, 
3po6jieHa cnpo6a o6'eaHaTH 3\'CHJUia Bcix nj'orpecHBHO HacrpoeHHX rpo- 
viaflHH, He3Ba>KaK)HH Ha ixmo nojiiraroy opicHTaimo Ta comajn>H\ npuHa- 
JiejKHicTb. npaBHJiLHicTb nosHuii ^paroMaHOBa niaTBepa»ye Te, mo Maflace 
Bci HaHBaacjmBiuii mmra iioro couianbHoi Ta CKOHOMiTOOi nporpaMH 
(laKOHoaaBHe o6MeaceHHH TpiiBa;iocri po6oioro aHa, nporpecHBHiifi noaa- 

TOK 13 aOXOaiB, HpaBO H8 COUiaJIbHHH 3aXHCT) 3HaHHUIH cboc 3aKOHoaaBHe 

TaKpinneHHa b poibhhythx UHBiJii30B8HHx KpaiHax He3a6apoM nicjia 
ixHboro nporojiomeHHa, to6to me b XIX ct. 13 \ i, BianoBiaHo, nepeaoaneHi 
TlaKTOM npo eKOHOMiqm, coujaiibHi Ta KynhTvpHi npaBa ra Mi*HapoaHOK> 
AeKjiapauiew npaB jBx>aimH. 

Pojr.iaaaio'Di npaBo Ha npaujo, J^paroMaHOB niaKpecmoc htok)' momch- 
riB, aid noBHHHi 3HafiTH cboc 3aKOHCnaBie 3aKpinjieHHH npn npaBOBOM>' 



S3 



BperyjnosaHHi cycniJifeHHX bluhochh 3 peajrisauii jdo^hhoio npaBa Ha 
npamo, 30KpeMa HeaonycTHMicTb icHyBaroia oOMesKeub peaimanji Hboro 
npaBa moanHoio 3 onraay Ha i"i BipocnoBUtaHHfl, HauioHajibHicTb in imni 
MOMeHTH, sad He crocyioTbeH ocBiTHtoro Ta npocpecifiHoro piBHii npauiB- 
HHKa. KpiM Toro, Ha fioro flVMKy, ua xcjthbi im c po3yMHe o6MOKeHH5i po6o- 
qoro iacy, "npn HKOMy 6yjio 6 moxcjthbhm 36q>e»ceHHa saopoB'a ra po3BH- 

TOK TineCHHH i MOpaJTbHHH" US , OCOOJIHBO JKiHOK i HenoBHomTHix. 

Hq)03pHBHo noB'a3aHHM i3 npasoM Ha npamo ,3j>aroMaHOB BBaacaB 
npaBo jikotihh Ha coiriajrbHiiH 3axncT, BKJHoiaioHH couianbHe cTpaxyBaHHa, 
nimcpecjiioioqii HeoGxiamcrb Ta BaHoiHBicTk cTBopeHHS Mepead BinnoBinHHX 
rpoMaacbKHx 3aKJiajiiB (npirryjndB, itrrepHaTiB Tomo) .una Swhhx moaefi, 
30KpeMa aJTeH, XBOpHX, KamK i nepecTapiTHX, a TaKOJK "neHcifinnx Kac aaa 
thx, xto BTpaTHB chjih, Ta npecTapijiHX npaiflBHintiB ycix bii;ub KopHCHoi 
ana cycniubcrBa npaui" 1M . OcidJibKH npaua noBmma npHHocHTH jiioanHi 
He Tira>KH MopaiibHe 3a40BoneHHH, a fi MarepiajitHKH ao6po6yT, JlparoMaHOB 
oflHHM 13 BaaoiHBHX sasaaHt Mafi6yTHboro TOBapHCTBa "BinbHa Crajnca" b 
rajiysi couiajibHO-eKOHOMiHHifi BBaxaB sycHJins, cnpaMOBam "he 
BJiauiTyBaHHH ana po6iTHHKiB 3flopoBoro scHTJia, 3aemeBJieHHfl fioro 
BHHaHM) i Ha nojiermeHHa KyniBJii fioro ciM'aMH ra apTiiflMH po6iTHHKiB" 
"\ mo, Ha aynocy MHCJinrejifl, 6yno peajibHHM ihjihxom ao 3a6e3neHeHHH 
HaJieacHoro >KHTT€Boro piBHH ana Koaaioro TpyaiBHHKa Ta fioro ciM r i. 

Ta hh He HaH6iin>iny ysary 3i scboro KOMrtueKcy eKOHOMi'mHx, couianb- 
hhx Ta Kyjn.TypHHX npaB .IJparoMaHOB npnainaB npaBy Ha ocBrry, fioro 
jaKpiruieHHK) Ta rapaHTOBaHOCTi 3 thm, mo6 3po6nTH ocBixy aocryiiHoio 
una aKHaHurapunix BepcrB HaceJieHtm. To* hcahbho, mo npauj, npHCBjnem 
thm in uiiuHM npo6neMaM ocBiTH, sycTpiHaioTbca y .OparoMaHOBa \Tipo- 
aoBJK ycid fioro TBopioi ais-TbHOCTi, noqHHaroiH 3 nepinnx fioro BHcryniB 
«k ny6jnnHcra b XaMKr-neTep6yprcKHX BeaoMocTax" 3i cTaTTaMH "3eM- 
ctbo h MecTHMH 3neMeHT b o6yieHHH" i "O neaaronraecKOM sHa^eHHH Majio- 
pycacoro snbnca" i saidHTyio'ffl fioro cTaTTHMH b "Xjri6opo6i" Ta "Hapoaj". 

Ha avMKy flparoMaHOBa, ocBiTa Hapoay — ne rojioBHa nepeayMOBa fioro 
HairioHaJibHoro, nojriTOTHoro.eKOHOMiHHoro Ta couiajTbHoro BH3BOJieHHa. 
"0, kojih 6 BiH [napoa. — T.A.] 6yB ao6pe ocBteenHH HayKoio! Toai 6 aBOX 
AHib He noflepHtajTHCb yci nopsAKH, mo Tenep aoBoaaTb Ha p ^ ao CTaHy 
po6oHoro cKOTy Ha naHiB, KyrauB, uapiB" m , — nucaB .flparoMaHOB y 
'TpoMajB". I nani, npoaoBacjioHH cboio ayMKy, BiH rnnne: "He mosc co6i i 
npHraaaTH, mo6 Morjm 6\th HOBi nopajTKH ... 6e3 toto, mo6 yuecb Hapofl 
He 6yB ocBineHHfi Hayxoio npo npupoay, KOTpoio *i!ne BiH, i npo jnoacbici 
rpoMaae, b kotphx KHBe BiH" m . CaMe TOMy "mn yicpaiHCbKoro 



X4 



napoaoaroSua mKOJia, — Ma6yn>, HaHBajKHiiiie aino" 1 *. I3 ma »c npjraHHH 
BiH BiTae noflBV b YicpaiiHi "ocBineHoro po6iTHHKa, b KOTpoMy bhoto cramcy 
khjdkkii i npanj" 14i , Ha BJiacHHX cnocTepeaceHHax nepejcoHaBinHCb, mo b 
3axiaHifi GBponi ui, HaMinBin 3a6e3neneHi i HaH6ra>in ocBi^eHi, po6iTHMKH 
HexLiibKH oqojnoioTb 6opoTb6y 3a coma, ihi li Ta OKOHOMinm npaBa jhojuchh, 
a h ayxce Hacro caMi (rraioTb nonrrnraHHMH abraaMH i aoMaraicrbca nproi - 

HHTTH HeoSxiUHHX JDIH IIIHpOKHX BepCTB HapO^V' 3aKOHiB. 

Po3yMiK>HH He6e3neK>', any Kpne b co6i ana iMnepii unipoKa ocBtia Hapoay. 
pociflctKHH ypaa Bene 3 hgk> 6opoTb6y: "Yea icropia hikoji b Pocii 3a ocraHHi 
cto pojciB ecTb irimo imne, hk 6iHKa ypaay 3 HayKoio i ocBiToio, Ta BHayMKH 

HK 6H TO HC 3HTH JHOaHM BHHTHCb, OC06JIHBO MVJKHKOBi — Hej3TH BHHTHCb 

HaBiTb npocro asGyioi" " : . Te, mo ypaa y hjh 6opoTb6i He 3ynHHaeTbca Hi 
nepea hum, HacTO nocjryroBVioqHCb aGcomoTHO a6cypaHiiMH npHsoaaMH 
ana romHb Ha ocBiry Hapoay, /IparoMaHOB Mas 3Mory nepeKOHaTHCb Ha 
BJiacHOMV floCBim, Komi, me cry aenroM, 6paB aKTHBHy ynacTb b oprara3auii 
Ta /DJUibHOCTi He^tnbHHX undn y Khcbi. 3k 3raayBaB bih ni3Hiine, "ceHaxop 
XCaaHOB micaB, mo xapidBCbKe TOBapHCTBO xcruio aKocb to b6hth y 
neTep6yp3i uapcbicy ciM'io HeainbHHMH uncojiaMH y Khobj ... I Taxa aypHHua 
noMoraa 3a6opoHHTH HeauibHi iiikojdi ... i, 3\tihhhth flino, KOTpe Tax 6araTO 
o6iuano! Ua 3a6op0Ha Gyna npaBaeniHiM Gvhtom! BoHa nona sajia HapojioBi 
mo aoGpa mKOJia, b kotpih ynaxb i He 6'ioTb, — ecn> cnpaBai 6ynr npoTH 
uapa, — i mm iepe3 aecan> poiciB 3Ha.TH \iiman i po6o<mx ... KOTpi He uiaKiue 
i po3yMiioTb npHHHHy, oa Horo Hap 3a6opoHHB iiikojdi CTyaeHTCbid, 60 He 
xottb, mo6.jnoaeH bhhjih i He 6hjih" 143 . 

JlparoMaHOB y cboih auwbHocri ra TBopnocTi He TiibKH BiacroioBaB 
npaBo Ha ocBiTy , nepeKOHJiHBO aoBoaHB Ba»uiHBicTb ocBini Hapoay ana eye- 
niiEbHoro nporpecy, a h caM po6HB yce MoauoiBe, mo6 bhccth CBitt nocnjib- 
hhh BKnaa y po3BHTOK ocbIth. I ue He TinbKH 6e3nocepeaHa neaaroirnia 
/ianbiricTb, 3aukaBJieHH8HKOK> 6yno y flparoMaHOBa ynpoaoBac ycboro fioro 
JKHTra, a h 1 ian nca 1 11 ih nonyjiapHHx khhxcok ana Hapoay 3 Ba jkjihbhx nuraHb 
comam.Horo Ta nojnTHHHoro scHrra, 3 npo6jieM icTopii Ta pemrii. Tpe6a 

3a3HaHHTH, IHO KHH3KKH HI, aOCTynHlTa npOCTi 3a BHKJiaaOM, MaiOTb BHCOKV 

urrejieKTyajibHy Ta HayKOBy uiHHicTb i aoTenep Moacyrb cjiyxcHTH 3pa3KOM 
ana HamicaHHa HayKOBo-nom jiapHHx po3BiaoK 3 6yab-aKoi ranysi 3Hara>. 
CaMe HayKOBieTb 3MicTy Ta nocTyniricTfe BHKJiany, Ha ayMKy ^paroMa- 
HOBa, i Moacyrb aaTH 3Mory Tifi qn imniH KHH3i nocnyjKHTH ana peajibHoi 
npocBiTH Hapoay. ana BHCBiTJieHHa Ta rpyHTOBHoro 3'acyBaHHa neBHoro 
niiTaima, iHaione roBopHTH npo ocBiTmo pojib aKorocb nonyjiapHoro bh- 

AaHHH He MOlKHa. 



8J 



JXnn xoro, mo6 npaso jhojothh na ocbity CTano peantmcno, .UparoMa- 
hob BBaxiaB Heo6ximniM cnpaMOBVBa™ sci 3ycnjma %k nporpecHBHux pyxiB 
tb naprifi y cycnijn>CTBi, TaK i flepjKaBmix oprams "Ha 3anpoBajHcenHs 
flOcryiiHoro KOWHOMy HaBHaHHa b iHKOnax noiaTKOBHX, cepejjHix i bhiuhx, 
— ia thm, mo6 jra aJTeji SijmHX ciMefi nonancoBe HaBHamia 6yjio 6e3Kom- 
TOBHHM i cynpoBoaxcyBajiocH aonoMoroio a6o, y BHnajBcy noTpe6H, noBHHM 

VTpHMaHHflM VHH8 Ha rpOMaflCbKHH KOHIT, IipHHOMV 6inbHI 3^i6Hi VHHi 

noai6HHM hhhom yrpHMyBanHCfl 6 i b cepcajrix, fi y bhuqix Hncojiax" l44 . 
To6to JlparoMaHOB BHCTvnaB He TiibKH 3a aeicnapj'BaHHfl a6o nporono- 
meHHfl npaB Ha ocBiry, a h 3a HanoBHemra m>oro npaBa peaJibHHM 3noctom, 
CTBopeHH« yMOB, 3a flKHxaocTynHicTb ycix bhilb ocbith ana KoacHoro "uieHa 
cycninbCTBa BH3Haiaci'i>c« TiibKH fioro iHTejieKTyajibHHMH 3ai6HOCTaMH, 
npH 3arajn>Hoo6oB'a3KOBiH nonancoBifi ocbitj. Tomv bih piinyie aacyaacye 
zmcKpHMiHauiro b orpiiMaHHi ocbith, xapaKTepHy ara PociHCbKoi iMnepii, 
BHXoanHH 3 HauioHajibHo'i npHHaiexcHocTi th BipocnoBtnaHHH, ntntKpecjno- 
iohh, mo o6Me)KeHHH npaBa "HaBHaHHa KaTOJU-odB b yHiBepcHTerax" l4S e 
acKpaBHM cBumeHHJiM rpy6oro nopyineHHa npaB moan™, BiacvTHocTi 
6y^b-«KHX fleMOKpaTOTHiix 3acaa y pociftcbKOMy cycniubCTBi. I ycvHeHHa 
BciJiaTCoiaHCKpHMiHauji moao OTpHMaHHa ocsiTH Bciua rpoMaaanaMH aep- 
3KaBH e Heo6xizmoio yMOBoio iii ycnimHoro posBHTKv xa HaaBHocri b ni& 
npaB Ta cBo6oa JnoflHHH. 

i^paroMaHOB iitko awpepeHiiiioe npaBo jnoaHHH Ha ocBiiy i npaso 
BiJibHO 6paTH y^acTB y icyjn>TypHOMy Hariri cycnijibCTBa, BTiniaTPica 
MHCTenTBOM, 6para y^acTb y HayKOBOMy nporpeci i KopHCTyBaracb fioro 
6jiaraMH. TaK, y "IlporpaMi" nepioflHHHoi 'TpoMaan", sxy nepea6aia- 
jioca BHnycKaTH 3a peaaKHJeio M. /JparoMaHOBa, M. riaBJiraca Ta C.IIoflo- 
JiHHCbKoro, cq)earojioBHHX3aBaaHb y "cnpaBax noJDTHHHHx" BHcyBajiocb, 
nopaa 3 JHiiiHMH, saBaamia flocarneHHa "HeoaMinHoi Bom HayKH" M , a b 
"OflKpHTOMy JiHCTi 3 YKpaiHH ao peaajcnii "HpaBaH", HamicaHOMV 3 imtria- 
thbh AparoMaHOBa aiaHaMH VKpaiHCbKoro pyxy me 1873 p., oameio 3 
tojiobhhx 3acaa, Ha bkhx Mas 6h 6a3yBaracb BceyicpaiHCbKHH pyx, fleiuiapy- 
BaJiocb: "y nnraifflax KyflbxypHiix — CBO&oaa posyMy" l47 . BcecBiTHui po3- 
BHTOK HayivOBHX aocniaHceHb , nrapoKHH aocryn ao aocarHeHb nepeaoBoi 
HayKOBOi ayMXH 6yjni, Ha svmk} .UparoMaHOBa, cK.ra;i,oniiMii cycrriJitHoro 
nporpecy. B oaHOMy 3 jmcxiB ^paroMaHOB imcaB: "HaH6un>ma cna6icTb 
yKpaiHCbKoro pyxy b ttm, mo b!h Mano oroipaeTbca Ha HayKy " 14S . ToMy 
BiH nepeKOHJiHBo peKOMCHaye cboim rajnmbKHM oanojiyMUHM: "1) crapa- 
THca, mo6 y KoaodH rpoMaai 3aBecra 6i6jrioTeK\ ... 2) BiHTHcb HywHM 

a3HKaM" 149 JU13 TOrO, mo6 MOXCHa 6VJI0 CBOCHaCHO i nOBHO 3HaHOMHTHCb 



86 " 




i3 flocHTHeHHHM nepeaoBoi HayicoBoi jvmkh b GBponi, ockuimch 3,so6yTT8 
HauioHHJibHor He3ajie»cHocTi }TcpaiHCbKHM HapoaoM, rapMOHifiHHii po3BH- 

TOK K03KH01 jnOUCbKOl OCOOHCTOCTi MOSUMBHH TiilbKH npH BUKOpHCTaHHl 

;iocarHeHb CBiTOBoro nporpecy. %k iracaB o.hhh 13 #oc;riiiHHKiB TBop'iocri 
/^paroMaHOBa Ibsh JlHC»K-Py.ziHHUbKHH, AparouaHOB "BipHB y Te, mo 
CBponeficbKiiaeanH — HayKOBoro nocryny.rpoMaacbKoiTa ocoGiicroi cbo- 
6ojw, coiiiajibHoi cnpaBcmmBocTi — o6'ckthbho ao6pi ra a6cojnoTHO 

060B'fl3K0Bi. BOHH 6\JIH flJM HbOrO OUiHO«mOK> HOpMOK), 3 SKOK> BiH 

nwiojam ao fliHCHocTi" 1W . Uhm, BJiacHe, i noscHioeTbca, Ha Hamy a>mk\, 
toh (paKT, mo y TBopiocri .IIparoMaHOBa HacmbKH noBHO i rpyHTOBHo 
poirjisaaiOTbCH npasa jhoahhh. 
























V 



P O 3 J\ I Jl III 

rPHflyiUHM nOKOJIIHHHM 

riporojioiiieHHHHe3ajie»;HocTi VKpaiHHTa crBQpeHHH caMociifiHoi yx-paiH- 
cbKoi aepxcaBH CTairo o6rpyHTOBaHHM i norraniM npoaoB»ceHHaM THCJFIO 
JiiTHboi TpaamxiJ aep»:aBOTBopeHHS b YKpaim ', a Akt nporojiomeHHa 
HC3ajie)KHocii yicpaiHH — oahhm 13 eTaniB po3BHTK\ yicpaiHCbKoi npaBOBoi' 
ziyMKH. V\ ycninmicTb posBHTKy uboro enoxajibHoro b jkhttI yicpaiHCbKoro 
Hapoay erany 3Haraoio Mipoio BinHanaerbca etpeKTHBHicrro BHKopHCTaHiw 
jlocBioy nonepeamx noKomHt, BpaxyBaHHSM iXHix iiomhjiok. TlpoBojwm 
napajiejri mIjk 3ao6yTTflM flepxcaBHOi caMOCTiHHocri YKpaiHH 1991 p. Ta 
yKpaiHCbKOK) peBOJUOiiicio 1917-1922 pp., 3BepHeMoca no TBep,n*eHHa 
lOniaHa OxpHMOBHHa, BHCJioBJienoro hum y nepeaMOBiao npauj "Po3biitok 
yKpa'iHCBKoi HauioHajibHo-nojiiTHHHOi synaan", HKa He BTparajia csoro 
nayKOBoro i ni3HaBajn>Horo SHaneHHH i Ha cborozmi. BiH micas: "Be.iHKi 
3aBaaHH«, axi Hamiaaae Tenepinraa xbhjm i aajibnii poKH Ha VKpaiHCbKy 
aeMOKpaTiio, BHMaraiorb .noKnajmoro o6i3Haroi» umpoKiix klii Hauioro 
rpoMa^HHCTBa 3 thmh mnBaimHaMH, mo narjni b ocHOBy cyracHor Haujo- 
HanbHO-nojiiTHqHoro CBixoricmy scix VKpaiHcbKHX napim 3>aKT vtbo- 
peHHS He3ajie»ofioi' yKpaiHCbKoi' pecny6jnKH, HeBinoMa j HeneBHa u noaajib- 
nia Ntafl6yTHicTb, noTpeOa nn-iGoKoro HaujoHaJiBHoro GyfliBHHirrBa, noTpe- 
6a ao6pe npoayMaHoi CHHTe3H noaanbinoi HauioHajibHO-nojiiTHHHoi TBop- 
•joeri 3 BH3BOjn>Hoio 6opoxb6oio MiacnapoOToi aeMOKparii, cKimmu nuTaH- 
Ha, noB'gjam 3 Mi>KHapojmoio po3B'a3K0K> HauioHajn>Hi>i npo6neMH — Bee 
ne BHMarac Bia Hac CHCTeManraHoro caMOBHXOBaHHa h acHoi' cbwmocth 
3B'«3Ky TenepiinHix Haimix nonisupjB 3 noru&naMH Haurax nonepcajoiKiB. 
Kojih 5K 3B3*:hth me (jjaicT, mo nojimnmi norjiaan He TiuTbKH mnpoKHX 
Mac Monoaoi' Hamoi'iHTejiireHHii, ajiefl tux, mo CToaTb 6Lna Kepina aepjKaB- 

HOrO XCHTT8, He OCHOBaHi H3 TpHBKOMy iCTOpHHHOMy (Jij'anaMeHTi, — TO 

Moa;iia 6yTH neBHHM, mo BcaKi npaui 3 o6csry icTopii" Hauioro rpoMajiaH- 
cbKoro jkhtth MaioTb Tenep Bejnrae3He 3iiaqeHH5r" 2 . 

BruiHB J^paroMaHOBa Ha po3BHTOK yicpaiHCbKoro .nepxcaBOTBopeinw Ta 
npaBa, CTaHOBJieHHH Ta posbhtok yicpaiHCbKHX cycnLnbrnix Haw, TaKHX hk 
nomTouoria, Teopia aepjKaBH i npaBa, eraonojiiTHKa Ta eTHoncHxojioria, 
Mae (J)VHjiaMeHTajTbHHH xapaKTep. TlpesMneHT PecnySjiiKaHCbKOi acouiauii 
VKpajtHOSHaBuiB Ibbh ^3K>6a y cbogmv BHcryni Ha yporacTOMy Be^opi, 
npHCB»neHOMy 150-piiHK) Bin; zora HapoflacenHH MHaurrejis, 3a3HaHHB, mo 
MHxanjio /^paroMaHOB 6yB zuia cboto Hapoay i aKaaeMieio HayK, i 
nomrwiHOio napTioo, i JKypHairiCTCbKHM KopnycoM, i Kyp'epoM y caMoro 












ce6e xa y rpoMaacbKoi noTpe6H. BiH ctbophb uLnicHy KOHuenujio 3ao6yTT» 
aaa YKpaiHH HajiexcHoro michh y cBhi Ha niacTaBi 3arajn>HOJnoacbKHX HopM\ 
Po3rjistaaK)iH nomTHKo-npaBOBi npaui MHCJiirrejiH, fioro ayMKH npo 
npaBO, aepacaBy, nomTHHHy opraHisauiio cycrriJibcrBa, ctocobho «httc- 
bhx noTpeG yKpa'incbKoro napoay, Heo6xiaHO naM'aTaTH asa, Ha Ham 
nonraa, cyrxeBi MOMeHTH, Hepine — ue aacTepeaceHHS caMoro jJparoMa- 
HOBa, mo toh ih imnHH fioro nornaa "ffl TBepa*eHHH e jmine HacTHHoio 
uijiicHoi CHcreMH, i apyre, mo bih hk HayKOBeub 6yB, HacaMnepea, icTopH- 
kom, (pojibicnopHCTOM, eTHorpa<J>oM, tomj' npo6jieMaMH npaBa, nojiiTHKH, 
namonajibHHX BijmocHH bih uiKaBHBca, nepeayciM, hk rpoMaacbKHfi flisn, 
BtunoBinHO ao CBoei cycniJibHO-nojiiTHqHoi auuibHocTi, cnpHMOBaHoi Ha 
iBLUbneHHa VKpai'HCbKoro napoay, 3Bim>HeHH8 KOMiuieKCHe: HaujonaJibHe, 
nomxHHHe, eKOHOMiHHe, KyJibTypHe, a He liubKH nojiiTHHHe. 4p aroM aHOB 
BHCTynaB 3a 3Bun.HeHHa BCboro yicpaiHCbKoro Hapoay Ha Bcix fioro eTHp- 
[~pa(JjiHHHX 3eMJi»x. A ue, hk Hain BnaaerbCH, i npoxoaHJio noB3 yBary thx 
aocjTwiHidB TBopiocri AparoMaHOBa, Hid CTBepZDKyBajm, mo ^JparoMaHOB 
6>b 4>eaepanicTOM i He Tii&Kii ne BHCTynaB 3a aepwuBHy caMOCTifiHicTb 
yKpaiHH, a fi 6yB ij npoTHBHHKOM, BBaxaioHH nojn-nraHHM iaeanoM 3pe<j)op- 
MOBaHy ipeaepaTHBHy Pocuo. PeajricT y nomTHiu, BiH BHpa3H0 6aqHB, "mo 
npuHafiMHi B ;iamiii iac hcmoscihbhh npaKTH«fflHfi pyx Bnepea JKoaHoi 
oKpeMoi lacTHHH Pocii 6e3 pyxy Bcix ii HacTHH i aaraJibHoi' nomnraHoi' 
pec})opMH Bciei ruei aepacaBH" * i, mo, He 3anepe<ryioHH npaBa kojkhoi nanii 
Ha CTBopeHHH CBoei .ospjKaBH, " H e Miniae naM'HTaTH, mo Bci HHHimm aep- 
:+.-a p.! i . ; i\ *c apajoimi b nuraHHi ccnapanoMiB i mo bohh Ha6araT0 6im>ine 
npOTHB^STbCH BWOKpeMJleHHJO npOBlHlUH, H15K CBo6oai XX JKHTemB i HaBiTb 
ix neBHifi aBTOHO.wii, TaK mo Ha ■jaificHenHH npaBa Ha BiaoKpeMJieHHH hkoi 
6 to He 6vjio nacxHHH Tenepiumix aep*caB noTpi6Ha ayace Bejnnca c h ji a 

[p03pHJIKa M.fl.]. A TOMV TVT ITHTaHHfl He CTlJlbKH B npaBt, CKUIbKH B MOHCJTH- 

BocTi cenapaTHJMy" 5 . 

B offHiti 3i CBoix npam>, HanucaHHX HanpindHuj jkhtth, ^paroMaHOB 
nucaB: "fl He HaB'H3yio cboci ayMKH hhcomj i HaBiTb pa jam 6vb 6h. hk6h 
Moi' avMKH b uiH cnpaBi 6yjm nepeKimeHi (paKTaMH. ajie noKH mo [niaKpec- 
jicho mhok). — A.T.] s Kasty oiroepTo, mo Hiae He 6any chjth, rpyHiy ana 
nojiiTHKH aepscaBHoro BiapHBV (cenapaTH3My) yKpaiHH Bia Pocii" fc . FlpoTe 
mo HacoBy npHB'HsaHicTb iio peajibHoi cj'HacHoi' nomiTraHoi cHryauji, 3Mory 
AocHrHeHHH xafi Hejuanmix nomTHMHHX 3MiH Ha mraxy ao nojiiTHHHoi cbo- 
6oan, ao comajmHoro nporpecy, BHXoaaHH 3 HaaBHHX MOsamBocxefi, 
33B*aH 3ajiHmajiii no3a yBaroio i npHXHUbHHKH, i npoTHBHHKH 
AparoMaHOBa. 



g» 



y cboih p03Bumi npo Koo3apa ^paroMaHOB micas: "UJeB^eHKo 3BaBCL 
i b npoMOBax, i b TejierpaMax, mci noaraajiHCb inopoKY b nem fioro cMepii, 

"CBHTHM MyieHHKOM, npopOKOM i anOCTOJIOM Pyci-YKpaitHH". A 3B1CHO, 

mo mxTo TaK He MyHHTbca, hk CBSTi, npopoKH i anocrojm, on nix, xto im 
iciaHJieTbCH. IIoHHHaeTbca 3 Toro, mo KoxcHe cjiobo npopoKa crrae cbhthm, 
He p036Hpaio i m, kojim, «k, npn homv boho cicasaHe, Hajri kojkhhh Bipmifi 
npHMasye no cBjrmx cjhb cboi, CBjrnrrb cJiosaMH npopoKa kojkhv cboio 
nymry, BH6npa€ 3 thx cjiib, mo homy Tpe6a, nepeKpyHye ix" \ 3 caMHM 
,HparoMaHOBHM crajiocb mocb noai6He. 6m orojioinyBaBCH couiauicTOM, 
(peaeparacTOM, pocificbKHM KOHCTHTynioHajiicTOM, GypmyaZBfBt HaujoHa- 
iricTOM i me no6pHM aecsmcoM 03HaHem>, hkj 6 Mami BH3Ha«nmi napxifiHy, 
iaeoJioriiHy hh cBrrorjisaHy npHHajiejKHitrn. MHcnHTejM. B ubomv 3HaiH0K> 

MipOK* BHHHHH CaM .ZJparoMaHOB, HMHO, 3BHiaHHO, MOKHa nocTaBHTH y 

bhhv MHcrorrejieBi BJBHaHHa Toro, mo "mh rpuima moaHHa, w> Bcix npaBO- 
Bip i MyazmpiB MaeMo ayHce MaJio crpaxy i kojDI BHCJioB.noeM jncycb BHMory , 
to BCboro Menine jyMacMO npo tc, hh niflxoaHTb BOHa ao sicorocb napTifi- 
Horo MVHflHpy, hh Hi, a jxyMaeM Tijn>KH npo Te: Braumsae BOHa's hkoi- 
He6yab pea.TbHoi noTpe6n cycninbCTBa ih Hi?" s . .flonjjibHO Taxo* naM'a- 
raTH 3acTepeH(eHHfl Mnxaftna TpynieBCbKoro, snetra ni-icaB npo flparoMa- 
hobh: "MaioiH CHJibHHH nojreMiqHHfi xapaKTep, BiH B3arajii 6yB cxjrabmiH 
3aHajrro HajwraTH Ha o6opoHy CBoeino3Huii iaaHoro MOMemy, cnycKaiOHH 
3 onefl cboio BJiacHy eBomouiio... Thm nacoM 3Mihh b fioro rpoMaflCbidfi i 
noJiiTHiHifi opicHTauji, npn HenoxHTHOCTi neBHHX ochobhhx TaK-6n 
CK33aTH — qjoMaacbKO-eTHqHHX npHmnnriB, Ha npoTjrai fioro copoicajriT- 
Hboi ais-iBHOCTi nepexoamm mhmh.-ij. i hihk ne rcmiTbCH, opieHiyioHHCb b 
hih, KnacTH b kvtiv fioro norjiami i bhchobkh 3 poiciB 1 860-x i 1 880-x" '. Y 
uhx 3Minax, mo BiaSyBaioTbcji y nonwaax ^paroMaHOBa, oaHaKOBO 
npHcyrHi 06'eKTHBHi ra cyd'aeraBHi hhhhhkh. I xoh 1873 p. JJparoMaHOB 
mictiH b o/iHOMy 3i cboix jmcTiB: "A a TaK co6i ayMaw, mo hokh mh He 
BHpo6HMO co6i jieKCHKOHa i rpavtaTHKH, He BHiiaMO naM'aTHHKiB namo'i 
mobh 3 XI bhcv no nicvHb. He HanmneMO icTopii cboto Hapoay i 6i6moTeKH 
HapoaHix Hayx — aoTH mvchmo chhjth — nocnnaBmn nonejioM raaBy, y 
nojiiTHKy He m3Tn i npoKJiaMauifi He nncaTH" l0 , — npore xia icropii>moro 
po3BHTKy PociftcbKoi' iMnepii' noKa3aB, mo HixTo vKpaiHUflM He aacn. 
cnoKifiHO BimaBaxn cboi nicm i naM'HXKH i mo 6e3 6opoTb6n 3a aoc»irHeH- 
hh 3MiH icHVKiHoro jiaaj- Hi K}7n>TypHHH, Hi ocBiraifi, He KascyHH sace npo 

nO.TlTHHHHH, P03BHTOK jUIH yKpaiHCbKOrO HapOfl\ 7 HeMOHOrHBHH. 

B aanoM) 1 acneKTi uucaBa HeruibKii eBomouk norromiB MHCJmTeJiH, a h 
toh (paKT, mo Bin, eBponeein, i aeMOKpar 6e3 liTKoro cnpHMVBaHHH Ha 



n 



HauioHaJibHi npo6neMH b 60-x — Ha no^ancy 70-x poiciB, b cepeaHHi 70-x 
poiciB He itfibKH oioinoc yk-paiHcbKHfi nosririnHHH pyx, ajie ft, neBHoio Mi- 
poio, crac ftoro TeoperrncoM xa penpe3eHTaHTOM b eBporri i y BiaHocimax 
3 noJiiTHTOHMH pyxaMH jhhihx HapoflJB, Haraayioiii cboim, pamine 6inb- 
ine, Hi* sin, pa.ajncajn.Ho Ta HaujoHanbHo HacTpoeHHM copaTHHKaM, mo 
"kojih b Tenepiimno nryny urn yicpaiHCTBO He 6yae HiiHM ce6e saaBJMTH 
jfcmiM i roJTOCHHM, to hjxto He niae 3a HHM, kojdi HacraHepaHOK" ". TaK, 
b iircpopMaiiii oflHoro 3 aremiB III Biaaifiy Bia 4 BepecHa 1876 p. 3a N 552 
noBiaoMJiscrbca: "npHexaBinHenocJieKaHHKyjiH3 MaJiopoccHHCTyaeHTM 

paCCK83bIBaiOT, HTO T3M CHJBbHOe HeyaOBOJIbCTBHe MeCTHOH HHTeJDMTeHUHH 

B036yanjio H3BecTHoe npaBHTenbCTBeHHoe pacnopa^eHHe, BocnperaBinee 
nbecbi 11 H3aaHi«r na MajiopyccKOM 33bnce. Pe3YJibTaT0M 3Toro 3anpemei \un 
fituio to, hto noHTH bo Bcex noMennrabHX ceMeftcTBax xceHinHHbi Han aim 

HOCHTb HailHOHaJIbHblH K0CTIOM (MaJIOpOCCHHCKHC py6amKH), KOTOpbie 

naBHO ymt He 6mjiii b ynoTpeBneHHir. npo<J)eccopa flparoManoBa 
(po3pnnjca opHriHany. — - A.T.] Ha3biBaK>T rjiaBHbiM bhhobhhkom rtpoHc- 
mejHnero, 11 oh npno6peji orpoMnyro nonyjwpHOCTb b MajiopoccHH, 
oco6eHHo b KweBe. YTBepamaioT, wro oh nepeceJiseTca b Abctphio, qroSbi 
HsgaBaTb TaM vKpaHHo^HJEbCKHH acypHaji" 11 . npo ue 4paroMaHOB micas 
y jimcti no BojioaiiMHpa AHTOHOBirea: "fl, aK Bh 3Hacre, BTarayBca b yicpa- 
iHCbici cnpaBH i b cryaii nocrynoBo; (noqas a 3 HapoaHoi ocbith i 3 3arajib- 

HHX, — KOCMOnOIDTJPIHHX, aeMOKpaT.-8BTOHOMHHX iflefi). KlHIieBO 3 npHXH- 
JDIBCa JIO HHX, OCOGjIHBO aO CTJJliH, TLTbKH Ha ICT-Il. [iCTOpHHHHX IliCHJIX. 

— A.T. ], to6to, b 3HaHHiH Mipi, B>tce 3a KopaoHOM. FIoTpiSHO 6vjio 6araT0 
BiHTiicb (i Ha 6iay caMoyyicoio i 6e3 6i6:iioTeK), mo6 HanoBHHTii ty nycTOTy 
b rojioBi, AKa y Hac y Bcix (KpiM Tpbox-Honipbox cneuiajiicTiB) Ha paxyHOK 
YKpauiH iiinHTaHb. S\ x., npiicTaBinH Ha inacTaHHHeinacTH, ao yicpaiHCTBa 
Bia eBponei"3My, thm 6iJibHie noBroien 6vb po3raiipioBaTH cboi eryau, 3 
He6e3neKOK> po3KiiaaTHCb. Tenep TintKH, nponpainoBaBimi aeicijibica poiciB 
[jihct HaniicaHiiil 10.09.1885 poicy. — A.T], a HanoBHHB Tpoxn ronoBy 
(paKTaMii, aid Mir 6h BincjiacTH, 3 aemo hoboi i tomv KopHCHoi ny6jriio 
tohkh 3opy, ocoSjuibo no rmraHHax HapoaHoi cTOBecHocii, no skhx, «k a 
6aqy, Ha YicpaiHi, B Pocii i B ABcrpii 30BciM HixTO He npainoc" ,; . Taica 
rpynTOBHa miTaTa HaseaeHa 3 HacrynHHX MipicyBaHb. Flo-nepme, b ubOMy 
mien ,/JparoMaHOB KoracpeTHo 3a3Haia€, mo HauioHajQ>Hi npo6neMii Yicpa- 
fflii, npo6jieMH BH3B0JieHHS VKpaitHCbKoro Hapofly 3.0 Bm3ay 3a KopaoH 
idKaBHJiH ftoro Tim>KH v KOHTeKCTi 3arajibH0aeM0KpaTinnnix Ta ryMa- 
HicTHHHHx iaeft Ta npo6jieM. Bjiacne na uefi nepioa i npimaaaG iiTKe Bnpi3- 
HeHHfl /(paroMaHOBHM npaha Hapoay Ha caMOBiBHaneHHa hk ochobh npaB 



91 



jnoznmH. TaK caMo, aK i nepexia 3 no3Huifi KynbTyprombKoro yKpamcrBa 
Ha nosHUJi nojiiTHHHoro yKpaiHcrea, 3 aHcJiepeHixiaLuao He linbKH nojinuq- 

HHX Ta CK OHOM1HHHX, — KVJIbTypHi Ta OCBITHI np a R3 .ZJpaTOMaHOB BWCTOIO- 

BaB i pamuie. — a H reonojriTHHHHxiHTepeciB yicpaiHcbKoro Hapoay, fioro 
HauioHaJifcHHX npaB. "Blumd aojis, mxc Moa nepcona, — imcaB jjpai o.\ianoB 
b canoMy 3 ancriB, — jpoonna TaK, mo a craBCb n e p in h m n a h m a ji 0- 
pycHCTOM na npaKTHui [pospaaKa .flparoManoBa. — A.T.], Taa 
aojia BHnxajia MeHe npainoeaTH GesnocepeaHbo Ha ycifi Haurifi erHorpa- 
(piiHiH oGmnpi or Row? ao Thch"" . Ilo-apyre, Ha Tofi iac, y cepemau 80- 
xpoiciB, /tparoMaHOB 6awn> cboc roaoBHe 3aBaaHHa, cbui o6oB'a30Knepea 
yicpaiHCbKHM pyxoM i nepea yKpaiHCbKHM HapoaoM y uapHHi erHorpatpii 
Ta (j>ojn>KJtopHCTHKH, li« o6cTaBHHa ayxce BaacjmBa ana posyMiima TBOp- 
hocti ^paroMaHosa, fioro bm JuaqciiHa npiopHTeriB yKpaiHCBKoro pyxy, 
fioro TaKTHHHHX Ta crpaTeriqHHX 3aBaaHb, CBoro Micna b ubOMy pyci. 

She peairicTHHHHfi nomTrac ,/JparoMaHOB i b 60-x, i b 70-x, i Haaajri Sa^HB 
peajn>Hy enny yKpaiHCfeicoro nomra'moro pyxy, aKHfi 6yB HacrixibKH 
cjiaGKHM, mo He TiJibKH He Mir p03noHaTH i Becra 6opoTb6y 3a aepxcaBHy 
caMOCTifiracrb yKpaiHH, ajie fi, ihkojih, B3arajii He 3a»BiKB npo ce6e. CaMe 
3bwch BMiuntBae no3Huia ) HparoMaHOBa ctocobho aocameHHa noninraHoi 
cBo6oaH, to6to uiHpoKoro pojBHTKy MicueBoro Ta perioHainbHoro caMO- 
BpaaysaHHa i 3aKOHoaaB"rc>ro 3aKpinjieHHa Ta rapaHTOBaHocTi npaB i 
CBo6oa JnoanHH aK ronoBHoro 3aBaaHHfl scix nporpecHBHHX chji iMnepii. 
Catue HaaBtricTb nomraHHoi CBoSoan aacn> 3Mory noaaatuioro noMTHH- 
hoto posBHTKy yKpaiHH. Ha aynncy flparoMaHOBa, "TpeSa, mo6 YKpaiHa 
3acjiy3iouia nonepeay CBifi ihh, mo6 enpasaj 3aBejiocb hobc. opranisoBaHe, 
poSyie i ayace VKpaiHCTBo" 1S . A ue Syjio 6 mojkjihbhm TiabKH 3a jthobh 
(Jjeaepamsanu PocificbKOi iMnepii Ta HaaBHOcri npaB i cBoSoa jnoaHHH. I 
ni3HiHii KpnTHKH Ta npHXHJibHHKH .AparoMaHosa, a6comoTH3yioHH norna- 
an MHcanTena Ha (})eaepajri3M, 3a6yBaK)Tb a6o 3aMOBiyK>Tb Te, mo bohh 
ana ^paroMaHOBa SyjiH tuibkh qacTHHoio noraaaJB na nepcneKTHBH po3- 
BHTKy yKpaiHCbKoro Hapoay, a (Jjeaepajrisauia PocificbKoi iMnepii 6\Jia 
TiJibKH nepuiHM eTanoM Ha uuiaxy ao BaacHoi aepxcaBHocri, "3aco6oM ana 
noBepHeHHa yKpaiHCbKoi naim b cJm'io uamii Kyro>TypHHx" ", a He Meroio. 

npaBHabHicTb noraaaiB flparoMaHOBa, fioro po3yMiHHS nocaiaoBHocTi 
po3BHTKy eTaniB 3ao6yrrs nojriTHHHoi Ta HauioHajibHoiHesajiescHocTi nia- 
TBepaHnacb thm icropiFiHHM aocBiaoM, aKoro yKpai'HCbKHH Hapoa Ha6yB y 
XX ct. TaK, 3ao6yrTa YicpaiHOK) aepacaBHoi caMOCTifiHOCTi b 1917-1 922 pp. 
crano moxcjihbhm TtubKH nicna toto, 9K B PocificbKifi iMnepii 6yjio noBajieHO 
caMoaep*aBCTBo i posnonaTo 6yaJBHHUTBo aeMOKpaTMHHoi aep»caBH 3 



n 



naaBHicno aBTOHOMHHX npaB y HamoHanbHHX penomB Ta 3 naaannnM bctm 
rpoMaasmaM npaB Ta cbo6oa jnoflHHH. JJemo nofli6HOK> 6yna CHTyaniH i 
1 99 1 p., kohm niaia nepkyry nepeoyaoBH, skhh xapaxTeproyBaBCJi 3arajn>Hoio 
aeMOKpaTH3auicio cycnijihHoro hchtth, BTiJieHHSM y jkhtta BHMor 
MiHCHapomrax npaBOBHx airriB Ta yroa 3 nrnaHb npaB jtjkwihh, 6yjio 
nporojiomeHO CTBopeHHH caMocriHHoi '.aepacaBH — YKpaiiHa. 

npoGjieMa aqjacaBHoro ycTporo, ftoro 3HaieHH>i om 3arajn»Horo p03y- 
\iiims npaBOBHx norjiauriB ^paroMaHOBa Mae me ft toh Ba*JiHBHH acneicr, 
mo qacxo, p03nuuwioqH TBOpiicTb MHCjmTens, 3MimyioTb Tpn, no cyri, 
pi3Hi, npo6jieMH, Flepiiia — <pe,aepa,m3auL9 PocificbKoi iMnepii «k nDMX flo 
nojri™«moro, eKOHOMiiHoro Ta KyjibTypHoro BH3B0JieHHa xa posBHTKy 
yxpaiHCbKoro Hapo^y !7 ,£pyra — (Jtcnepairifl HKinnpoKO p03BHHyre Micuese 
caMOBpajuBaHHJi, 3a socoro KoseH rpoMaaaraiH Mae 3Mory MaKCHMaJibHO 
nosHo 6paTH ynacrb y BHpinieHHi aepaeaBHHX Ta MieueBHX cnpas «jw ycrrim- 
Horo po3BHTKy Bciei aep>KaBH. TaKy (popwy jiepxcaBHoro ycrpoio JJparo- 

M3H0B BBaSaB OHTHMaJItHOKJ 3UW K05KH01 AepXflBII. HeSaJlCJKHO BliKpOpMH 

npaBioHHa, ocidjn>KH unrpoKi noBHOBaaceHHa iron BHpimeHHi micucbhx 
npo6jieM (tvt cjiin. 3a3HaiHTH, mo JlparoMaHoB ruibKH y npauax kIhuh 
70-x poiciB, TaKHX sk 'TlepcOTe cjiobo rq 'TpoMa;m" 1878 p." Ta jesncnx 
iHumx, BHCTynae 3 jyMKaMH npo HeooMOKeHicxb npaB iHfiHBiaa Ta MicneBOi 
rpoMaau, xoqa 3HaiHoro noiniipeHHJi Haoyjia jryMKa npo npHxiuibHicTb 
J,paroMaHOBa jio aHapxbMy hk (popMii, npn jdqh 6yflj.-HKa flepacaBHa BJiaaa 
Ta li opraHH BmcyiHi, fioro 3anepe- HeHHa pom Ta SHaiama jiepxcaBH — 
mo, Ha Hainy nyMKy, He BinnoBi^ae cnpaBHCHiM norns^aM MHCJurrena), 
HaaaHi opraHaM caMOBpsuryBamui, no-ncpine, cnpusaoTB 6Lin.ni nomiiii 
rapaHTOBanocTi Ta peairi3anii npaB i cBoSoii jnoaHHH, a no-apyre, cnpn- 
moTb 3MinHeHHK> .aepacaBH saraJioM. I Tpera npo6;ieMa ctocobho norjismiB 
/IparoMaHOBa Ha 4>eaepajii3M — ue posyMiHHH (pcaepajri3My ax TicHoi' 
cniBnpani aepxcaB npH BHpimeHHi OKpeMHx cnLTbHHX nHTara> npn 36epe- 
*eHHi 3a ko3khok» aepjKaBoio cBoro cyBepeHiTery. Ha ntuxBepjuKeHHa 
ocTaHHboi ayMKH HaBe^eMO oioBa /JparoMaHOBa, sod, Ha Ham nonuw, He 
tuilkh miocTpyioTb ,naHe nonoHceHHfl, a ft cBumaTb npo npaBHjn>mcn> Ta 
jKHTTC^flaTHicTb norjiaaiB JUparoMaHOBa: "Ilo tomy, mo Tenep AieTbca b 
ciii cnpasi b GBponi, He Tpe6a 6yra (paHTacroM, moo JKnara, mo He Tax b 
jajieidM qaci... bc« 3axiima CBpona ooepHexbca b aKvcb (peaepauiK), b KOTpifi 
Biimn He 6yae" ". Tyr, 3BiiHafnu>. MoacHa sanepe^rrH, mo, noKH Cspona 
JiocHTJia HHHiraHboro CBoro craHy, Bona rrpoHmna iepe3 jn»i bLhhh, i mo 
nacy mhh>'jio .iryxe 6araT0. lUoao nepmoro, to npo He6e3neicy HiMenbKoro 
HauioHajii3My ,3paroMaHOB nHcas me 1870 p. y cboih npaui "Cxizma 



93 



^ 



nojirnnca HiMeHHHHH": "Mh He cmiemo roBopHTH npo HiMeubKufi Hapoa, 
ane He MoaceMo ne sayBaacHTH, mo BHeHi, jrixepaxopn i nomxuKH mMeubici 
aBJDQOTb coooro BpaacaioHeBHiTPBHme: yaBHBiEH ce6e BMicxHJinmaMH Hafi- 
BHmoi mraijmaiiii, aKHMocb 6oroo6paHHM HapoaoM, Bonn yaBium co6i, 
mo iHTepecH bcix HapoaiB noBHHHi 6yra npHHeceHi b *epTB> iHTepecaM 
oanoro 6oroBH6paHoro Hapoay, a tuilkh xto CMie jxyuaTH maicine, — 
Toro 3armcyK)Tb a6o b HeBHJiiKOByBaHO xBopi, a6o b nouncojDKeHi CTapicno 
a6o aMopajuHicno, a6o b HaBucn rrpupeqeHi Ha BapBapcrBO. Hn ue oco6jih- 
bhh Bun Mami hh CBixneHna cjia6Kocxi ryMamxapHoi ocbith, npn 6e3ne- 
pcffliH BHeHocTi, He Sepeinoca cymmi, ane caM (paicx caM03ac,ninjieHHa i 
jtcaxJiHBoro eroijMy, mo floro npoaBJUQOTb HafiSuibiii KyutxypHi sepcxBH 
HiMeTniHH, c hhmocij 6e3npHKJia;nHHM" ", y xifi *ce npani: "He xaeMmiua 
TaKo>K, mo npeca Bcid HiMeTonm Bsaxcae, mo aBcxpiflcbid himhj 6yjm 6 
oupaxcejii ipiBiiaiuno 3 hhmh b npaBax "HaniBBapBapcbKHX HapoaiB, Heriji- 
hhx p03CTi6H>TH y HiMuiB peMiHb Ha H03i", 60 HiMeubKa npeca He cntaa- 
exbca BmHOBjnoBaTH BcepeflHHi XIX cxoxixxa floxpHCXHaHCbKi nonnmH 
npo isapBapiB, aid h16hxo noBHHHi 6yxnpa6aMH HHBra30BaHHx" a . floaaMo 
Btaceoe, mo bch npo6neMa noirarae y tomj', mo Taiti ac nornsmH no6yxyBajiH 
b HiMe^niHi i y nepimft nojioBHHi XX ex, UJo * CTocyexbca <iacy, skhh 
MHHyB Bin HanHcaHHH /JparoMaHOBHM cboix npaub, to floro cnpaBfli 
MHHyjio neMajio, aianp BpaxyBaxH, mo 3a uefl nepioa bcxhtjio noMepxn 
oflHe "6e3CMepTHe BneHHa", ane He TaK 6araTO, mo6 xoi sncoiocb Miporo 
Biaoyjiacb nepeouiHKa 3aranbHoinoflCbKHX nJHHocxefi. 

lUe ooth eepBo3HHH aoKip, hkhh HacTO BHCJioBJBoBaBcn na aapecy 
iJparoMaHOBa, nonsrae y TOMy, mo .ZJparoMaHOB, nponaryio'Di aBTOHOMi3M 
i <peaepajri3M, Hi6nro He BHCJioBinoBaB i He po3yjviiB 3HaneHHfl "nporojio- 
meHHg racna caMocxiHHOi yKpaimi". He Sepymcb ryx cvahth npo npa- 
BHJibHicTb to xnGHicxb no3Huji flparoMaHOBa, a xaxo*; noTpe6y nporo- 
jiomeHHH TaKoro racna, naBc.icMo .api xohkh 3opy, bhcjiobjichj jnom>MH, 6e3 
cyMHiBy, BiaaamiMH inxepecaM VKpaiHCbKoro Hapoay, Korpi imipo oascaiiH 
floro npoHBiTaHHa, 3hob> a: TaKH He BH3Ha«*aK>HH npaBHUbHocxi hh xhShocti 
i'xHix no3Huifi. Ilepma — 3i cnoraaJB qjieHa nepmoro yicpaiHCbKoro ypjmy, 
reHepajibHoro ceicpexapa npoflOBonb-nix cnpaB xa 3eMem.HHx cnpaB YHP 
Mhkojih KoBajieacbKoro: "B 19l7poxv,KOJiHBH6yxHyjia b Pocii peBomouia 
i npesH&iH YKpaiHCbKoif UeHxpajibHoi Paan 3 npotp. MnxafixoM 
rpymeBcbKHM Ha qom o6MipKOByBajia 3anponoHOBaHHfl BojioaHMHpoM 
Bhhhhhchkom TeKCT nepmoro YHiBepcajiy, ciaBca xaKHfl HecnoaJBaHHH 
eiri3oa. Bhhhhhchko HHTaB CBifi npoeKX yHisepcajiy, mo 6)^ aocuxb joBniH, 
Mnxaflxro rpjineBCbKHii nqieSnpaB, aK 3BirqaHH0, cboki qDi6Hy 6opoay, 



44 






r 



yBaaaio cayxawm. Koao Hhoro chojb Ceprifi OjieKcaHapoBm QJipeMOB i 3 
HanpyaceHHSM cmaKyBas 3a kohchhm cjiobom BHHHjraeHKiBCbKQro TeKcry, 
po6jisrni b HOTeci aeaid noMiTKH. Bee hhdio ao6pe a*c ao nojriTHHHoro 
bhchobkv nepinoro YHiBepcajiy, b sdcomj nporoaomyBaaaca aBTOHOMia 
YKpaUBI. He BCTHT BHHHiraeHKO npcniTaxH nyaoBi CJIOBa — "Bia HHm 
YKpaiHa crae aBTOHOMHOK) aepsaBoro", — bk Ceprifi OjreKcaHapoBm 
CfppeMOB pi3KO 3anpoTecryBaB npora uid <J>opMH nporojioineHHa aBTOHOMii. 
FlaM'aTaK), sk a 6yB jaHBoBaiuiii hhm npoTecTOM Cepria €<ppeMOBa. 
FIpotJi.rpyineBCbKHH crpHBOHceHo noaHBHBca Ha Q^peMOBa, a Buhhotchko 
HeMOB 33BMep b MOBHaHHi. I Toai Ceprifi OneKcaHapoBHi CcppeMOB 
bhtojiochb Hafl3BHHaflHO rapHy i nm6oKy 3m1ctom npoMOBy, b skui aoBoaHB, 
mo nam Hapoa me He aospiB ao aBToHOMHoro aaay i mo b uhx o6cTaBHHax 
aBTOHOMia Moste npHHecTH YKpaiHi HOBi noTpaciHHa, 3 aicnx ayace xaaoco 
6yae bhhth \TcpaiHCBKOMy uapoaoBi nepeMOHtueM" 2I . Jlpyva TOHKa 30py 
Hajie»CHTb CT.ToMamiBCbKOMy, oaHOMy 3 (pyHaaTopiB aepxaBHimbKoro 
Hanpawy b yKpaiHCbidH icTopiorpa<j>u. B oaHOMy 3i cboix jmcriB, aaTOBaHHx 
1922 p., bih rracaB: "I HeBxe aepxaBHicTb caMa no co6i Mae 6jth ifljuno 
HauioHanbHHX 3Maram> i HamoHanbHoi nojriTHKH? ABaceac mo Hi! flepBcaB- 
HicTb to TiJibKH (popMa, b aKifi HauioHajibHi chjdi HafiKpame Moxyrb 
poaBHBaTHca; kojih jk ca (popMa HeaocaacHa, to xpefia 3BepHyrH Bci 3ycHjraa 
He b HanpflMi norom 3a HeaocaacHHM, tjjibkh Ha TBopeHHa peanbHHX 

BapTOCTefi eKOHOMllHHX, KVJIBTypHHX, COlliajIbHHX, MOpaJIBHHX, BKi 

no3BOJiHJin 6 HaM, kojih npnfiae cjtsuihhh qac, 3aaTH inaKine icnHT 
namoHaJibHo-noJiiTHHHOi 3pinocTH, Hiac chm pa30M. A cefl momcht He 6yae 
ne saBTpa, Hi no3aBTpa. Hexi-i acaajm 300 jbt Ha Bia6yaoBy CBod icxopnTOoi 
aepsKaBH, nonaKH 150 jht, a mh xoicmo Mara 3 ana-Ha-aeHb, xoq aocn TaK 
aK 6h hucojih He Marn! Thm nacoM apyrHH TaKHH momcht, sk 1 9 1 4- 1 9 1 7, He 
japa3 noHOBHTbca, 

A BTiM, homy mh Tax (paTaoibHo npopi3ajiH Ham\ aojuo 1918-19 p.? Mh 
ttjBjKH tomv, mo He p03VMijiH rapa3a i He BMiini ujhhth iaei aepacaBHoi caMO- 
cTiftHocTH?.. 91 He ayMaK> TaK. Hama aepxcaBHa He3aJ6HicTb JiescnTb He b 
neaocTaTOHHiH CBiaoMocra i xoTimoo, a tltlkh b ttm, mo mh ao aepacaBH He 
niaroTOBJieHi KVJibTypHo, couia.TbHo h eKOHOMiHHo. IlpHM. FIojiaKH (npHxunbHi 
aHTaHTi) i Horn ao 1 9 1 7 p. He BHcraBjjajni 3obcim caMocTifimiubKOi nporpaMH, 
tuibkh aBTOHOMJHH>: JlHTOBuaM, Ectohh3m i JlaTmnaM ao Toro nacy i He 
CHHJioca npo caMocriHHicTb. OaHane bci bohii nepe3 Hin npHHopoBinmca ao 
JMiHemLX oocraBHH, yaepacaimca Ha noBepxHi i Burpann ... A mh? 

Buxoavrrb, mo HaM noipi6Ho norocb iiHHioro, Hia; "aepxaBHoro iaeajiy", 
a ce — maroTOBaHHa ao Hboro. 



95 



0,uhhm cjiobom, naM noTpi6HO rtneKani Tenep He aep>KaBHHH mean, 
tuimch HauioHaJibHHH, a ci ma noHsrrci He totoskhi. ,2,okh mh He 6yaeMo 
cnpaBXHboio (xoi i 6e3flep»aBHoio) Hattieio, noxtr 3aftBa, a HaBiTb undu- 
JiHBa, pii raHjrracH 3a jiepJKaBHHM ineanoM" n . 

Ha o6n!iBOXHaBefleHHX ToiKax 3opy, 6e3 cvMiriBy, BunyBacTbca bilihb 
nonumJB ,HparoMaHOBa. ajie b o6hjhbox bhcjiobjichhx no3Hiiisx c HeaojoKH, 
skhx y JJparpMaHOBa HeMa. Bo hkhio b op\ rifi no.TOBiiHi XIX ct, roBopnTH 
npo ^ep*aBHy caMocriHHicTb YKpaiHH MO>KHa 6>jio TiJibKH 3 nostmifj 
(JiyTypoJioriiHHX nporHosiB Ta posceBHX Mpifi, to 1917 p. 6vjih He tltlkh 
o6'eKTHBHi MO*jmBOCTi He Te mo juir aBTOHOMii, a h juis aepacaBHoi 
caMocTiftHocTi YKpaiHH i peaJibHi chjbi juix Toro, mo6 aocarmTH uirf 
caMocTiHHocTi. I tvt He linbKH G<ppeMOBy, ajie fi 6araTbOM iHiiiHM JiinepaM 
VKpaiHCbKoi i peBOJDouji SpaKyBaJio xoro nojiinniHoro Biflwrra peajUHocri 
thx th iHiDHX nparnenb ra M03KJIHBHX iiiJigxiB peajmauii uhx nparHeHt, 
npHTaMaHHHX JJpai OMaHOBy. 

LU,o * ao no3Huii' ToManriBcbKoro npo Heo6xiimicTb BHxoBaHHH Hapoay 
flo aepscaBHocri iepe3 npaKTHKY b paMKax ivdkhx aepxcaB, 3a HaasHocri 
aBTOHOMii Ta iracijmHBOCTi aepMcaBHoro meajiy sk xaKoro, mo BtnBOJriKae 
Bin 3ao6> xra "peajn>HHx" BapTocrefi, to npn ojmaKOBOMy po3VMJHHi pom 
aBTOHOMii/IparoMaHoB, thm hc Merane, He meani3yioHH i He npHKpamawra 
nopjpjdB, saci icHVBajm b YKpaiHi b «iacH TerbMaHmnHH, nocTiftHo ni/ncpec- 
rnoBaB jncicHo Birmnii piBCHb eKOHOMiqnoro jjo6po6\Ty, nojuTirquoi Ta 
HauioHajibHoi cbo6o;eh, npHTaMaHHJrii UbOMy nepioay, nopi&HSHO 3 "rtpo- 
naniHM qacoM", tooto nepioaoM nepe6yBaHH5i YKpaiHH y cKJiajri PocificbKoi 
iMnepii, 3aKJnncaK>iH npoAOBxarru icropniHy Ta HauioHajibHy xpajumiio 
yKpaiHCbKor o Hapoay Ta "yxomrrn KiHCHb hhtkh, mo BBipBajiacb b HamiH 
icropii b XVIII ct," s . ToMamiBCbKHH ace, MaMHH peajibHHfi i cyiacHHH 
nprncJiaaicHyBaHHacaMocTifiHorYKpaiHCbKoi^epaKaBH, nepesarHTa 3Ha- 
qeHHH jdcoi Mann 3Mory oiuhhth bcj vKpaunu, BBaxcaB, mo aBTOHOMis Rim. 
vKpaiHCbKoro Hapoay, HaBiTb y uefi nepioa, e HBHineM TpiiBanHM i 
nporpecHBHHM. 

TaKHH rpyHTOBHHfi ana.in npo6jieMH (peaepa.TicTH«mHX noraaaiB 
/IparoMaHOBa, a TaKO* ni3HiinHX VKpaiHCbKHX BHemix Ta noniTHHHHX 
ilisraB, Heo6xiaHHH rw s'flcyBaHHH rbox rorraHb. Homy nonmaji ^Jparo- 
MaHOBa, o6'ckthbho KopHCHJ rm cboto Hacy, 6vjih stj'Shhmh juis YKpai- 
HH 1917 p.? 1 apyre nuTaraM, ticho noB'snaHe 3 nepinHM, — HacKLTbKH 
MaioTb pauijo Ti kphthkh /l.paroMaHOBa, jnd BoanaioTb y nbowty tojTob- 

HOTO (HH Oimoro 3 rOJIOBHHX) BHHVBaTLW Kpaxy VKpaiHCbKHX BH3B0JIbHHX 

3MaraHb 1917-1922 pp.? Ha Ham norasm, npoeKT neperBopeHHfl PociH- 






'X. 






cbKoi iMnepii y cpeaeparaBHy aepucaBy, hkhh 6vb He Tijn>KH icropniHO 
Bi-mpaBaaHHM, a ft nporpecMBHHM b yMOBaxpo3nonJjry yicpaiHChKHX 3eMeiib 

Mi* flBOMa aoCHTb CHJIbHHMH iMHepiaMH, BHCVHVTHH ,3parOMaHOBHM > CBift 

qac, 6vb 3ry6HHii b VMOBax p03naay mix iMnepift Ta TBopeima Ha ixrax 
j jiaMKax hobhx, HesaJieacHHX aepxcaB, aid, KpiM BCboro imnoro, nparmmi 
iarap6aTH HacTHHV yicpaiHCbKHX 3eMenb. 1 Ha6araTO Bascie BianoBicTH 
Ha apyre roiTaHHa. T;t, b ubOMy nHTaHHi, i nojisrac Te hbhihc axe MoacHa 
Ha3BaTH TpareflicK) flparoMaHOBa. iTpareaiauanojiBraeyTOMy.inocnpaB- 
W ^paroManoB bhic b yxpaiHcbKy npasoB) Ta nom-numy nyMicy BCe Te 
nporpecHBHe i nepe^QBe, mo Ha Toft qac 6yjio b eBponeftcbidft ra CBrioBifi 
npaBOBift nomTHiHift ayMui, neBHOio Mipwo nparayHH CHHTesyBara ni 
^OCflTHeHHa 3 yKpaiHCbKIIMH HauioHanbHHMH Ta iCTOpmHHMH TpaanujaMH. 
Einbine toto, BiH nparayB 36araxnTH yicpaiHCbKy npasoBy Ta noarnreHV 
,Tv'MKy, 036poiTH yKpaiHCbKHH noJiiTHHHHH pyx aocsrHeHHJiMH nonepeaHix 

nOKOIOHb CBpOneHCbKHX MHCJIHTeJliB. IHe 3 ITMHa3iaJIbH01 JiaBH 3HaHOMHH 

i3 npauHMH MoHTecK'c, Jloioca, bih i"pyHTOBHO BHBHae iaei jriGepajminy, 
npauj Minna, unmix npeacTaBHHKiB Hid Tenii npaBOBoi avmkh. TjihSoko 
sauucaBJUOBaim ^paroMaHosa i KOHCTHTvuiiiHi aKTH p03BHHymx aeMO- 
KpaTH^HHX aepacaB. BiH BHBHae KonciirryuiftHe 3aicoHoaaBCTBo CLUA, 
Ahtjiu, OpaHiiii, IllBefiuapii. Are TyT aria iraaara, mo apyra nojioBHHa 
XIX ct. — ue, SKino Moama TaK CKa3aTH, aooa sanenaav jri6epajii3My. 
nporojiocHBura piBHicTb ycix rpoinaaaH nepen jaicoHOM, ocHOBHi npaBa 

JOOflHHH, BiH, BOflHOHaC, 3attHUlaB BUIKpHTHMH IIHTaHHS HaiUOHaJIbHHX 

npaB, mo b no6y npo6yaaceHHa MacoBiix HauioHanbHHX pyxiB He TiJibKH 
ue cnpiiajio po3inHpeHHK> c4>epH Brimmy Jii6epajibHHx iaeft, ane ft CTasiuio 
nia cyMiriB ixHio 3arattbHOJnoacbKy BapiicTb. I apyn-iM Ba»cjmBHM ruiacTOM 
cycninbHoro acHTTa, aKiifi 3ajnnnaBCfl no3a VBaroio ni6epajii3My, 6yjio eico- 
HOMinne aoiTTfl, eKonoMiHHi Ta comaJibHi npaBa moanim. nporojiocHBiim 
npaBO jdoahhii Ha BJiacHicn., MHon-iTeni m6epajii3MY BTpararoi ao Hboro 
uucasicTb. A B qeft nepioa aKiyajibmcTb conjajibHHX Ta eKOHOMiqiinxnpaB 
iHaHHO 3pocTac, i, aKoiocb Mipoio, ui npaBa CTaioTb aoMiHyioHHMH ana 
neBinix BepcTB HaceneHHa, mo svmobjkho 3pocTaHHaM npoMHcnoBocri, 
PO3BHTK0M piiHKV Ta acoHOMiiHoio aH^epeHuiairieio cycnijibCTBa, 

flparoMaHOB, po3yMiio«m caMouiHHicib ochobhhx npaB jnoaHHH, noni- 
thhhhx Ta rpoMaaaHCbKiix npaB i CBoGoa, ixhc 3HaienHS aaa poaBirncy 
cycniiibCTBa Ta ana 3a6e3neieHHfl npaBOBoro CTaTycy ocoSh, BoaHoiac 
niaKpecjnoBaB, mo "Tenep Bate noKa3ajiocb, mo b thx nopoaax moacbKHx, 
KOTpi MaKTb cBoiaepacaBH ft Bejnnci, 6araTi, ft Bim>Hi (Hanp., hk OpaHuia, 
AHTirifl), a6o ft Benraci cniincH BiJibHiix aepacaB (aK C. AMepiocaHCbKa 



■q- 



Crimea), 6im.ina HacxHHa jnoaefi 6iayc Mano ikm MCHine, hijk SiayioTb 
MyjKHKH VKpai'HCbKi" v . Tomv nopaa is Jii6epajibHHMH bhchhsmh, /Jparo- 
MaHOBa 3airixaBJnoioTb i coujaJibHi bhchhh, $nd roJioBHV VBary npHamaioTb 
couiajibHHM Ta eicoHOMraHHM rrpaBaM jnoaHHH, imurxaM BHpiineHHa rrpo6jie- 
mh coLriajTbHoi cnpaBeaJiHBocTi. Bih noiHHae rjDi6oKo BHBiaTH coujajtic- 
THTHi BHeHHH Ta Teopii. "JuoanHa BenHKHX 3Ham> i hihGokhh noniTmHHfi 
MHCjnrreirb, bih posyiniB, mo Bin TaKoi xeiii ayMKH i hchtth, sk coujajrisM, 
HeMoauiHBO i HaBiTt cmluiho BurMescoBVBaTHCt sanepcieHHHM. Byaym i b 
nomrauj crrpaBscHiM BqerorM BiH BHpa3Ho ycBiaoMmoBaB bckj BemrqesHY 
sa»u7HBicn> i dcnanHicTb coniajn>Hof 6opon>6H Hauioro iacy i mrraHHa 
npo coniajii3M bih eraem hk npo6jieMy nojiiTHHHoi xa coniajn.HO-eKOHo- 
MiHHoi' TBopnocTi, snea samcinoeTbcsi b peajrbHifi nojriTHUi" L \ — nucaB 
TieTpo CTpyBe. I nopyn i3 couiajibHHMH npo6JieMaMH iJparoMaHOBa He 
modih He xBHmoBaTH npoSaeMH HanjoHajitHi, Ha ski mSepaaisM, c(popMo- 

BaHHH BHeHHSMH aHTJlJHCbKHX i <ppaHH\'3bKHX MHCUHTeJIlB, T8K03K He flBBaB 
BLUJIOBUli. 

PeanbHO oiiiraoKHH MOHumBocri aocarHeHHS BJiacHoI HesajieacHocri, 
^paroMaHoB posyiniB, mo yKpawcbKOMy HapoaoBi, Ha BiaMiHy Bin nojn>- 
cbKoro, HeMosuDiBO ormpaTH cboi nparaeHHa Ha icTopHTHHX ochobbx, Ta 
h B3aram MHCJnrrejib ayace cicenTHiHo cTaBHBca ao Bcix "icTopHTOnx" 
aepacaB. 3HaK>HH CBponeHCbKy Ta aMepHKaHCbicv icTopiio, npaBHJH>Hopo3y- 
muohh rojioBHi TeHaenirii cBhroBoro cycniJibHoro xa noarrmiHoro po3bhtky, 
BiH BBawaB, mo 6yab-SKa aepacaBa Moace i noBiimia TBOpHroca Ha cboih 
eTHiiHiH TepHTOpii' mjuixoM peajiisaiiii'HapoaoM csoro npaBa Ha cainoBH3- 
HaqeHHii, 3a HaaBHOcri peajibHHX chji, fnci 6 Morjm 3a6e3neiHTH Ta naxiic- 
THTM ue npaBO. lile 1 873 p. b Jtucriflo MeiriTOHa EyniHCbKoro JlparowiaHOB 
nncaB: "IIJo HaM CKaacyTh 3 Uiopixy? BemiKopocH TaMonmi He 3HaioTb 
30BciM, mo mh TaKe, — Ta h cboix a 3Haro ao6pe. npeB03raacarb hbm 
npaBO Ha caMOCTifraicTb. Ha joey caMocTiHiricTb? 3bicho sney! 3apa3 mopixui 
HaiHyn. myicaTH npHMipy kojio ce6e i yKaacyrb Ha BeHrpiio, Mexiio i T.a., 
a mopixcbKi VKpaiHui HaraaaroTb npo nepeacjiaBCbKHH TpaicraT, KOToporo 

BOHH TaK »te MaJIO HHTaiTH, HK nOJIHKH 3HaMeHHTJ KOHCTHTVUJJO 3 Maa. 

Ajie 6yabTe nacicaBi npH6epiTb MeHi "icTopmwi npaBa" aaa ycid zeum 
Hamoro Hapoay oa /JoHy, Ky6am, XapKOBmHHH, — mo saBiiie 6yjm y 
MocKOBUiHHi, ao HepHHr. i riojrraBmHHH, T.e. reTbMaHUiHHH, — no 
Khibihhhh, BojDiHi i rioaojrii, npncocjuiHCHHi oa Flojibmi y 1793, ao 
Xojimuihhh i Ilimtacii i aocn qacTH IJapcTBa IlojibCbKoro" *, 

3anepeiyroHH "icTopHmniH" raaxia ao aepa<aBOTBopeHHH, ^paroMa- 
hob He TijibKH nparavB nouiHpeHHfl yKpaiHCbKoro noaiTHHHoro Ta Kyab- 



n 



rypHoro pyxy Ha Bci yicpaiHcbKi sen™, a if aaB po3B'fljaHHfl npo6neMH 
"icropHiffloi rionbmi" — npo6jTeMH, snca 6e3nocepeaHbo crocyBajiacb iHTe- 
pcciB vKpaiHChKorQ liapojp . LUjmx BMpimCSDSI, uinponoiioBanin! JfptU o- 

MaHOBHM, "HEiPBWHaHHO npOCTHII i HMHi 3Jia(TbCH CaM03p03VMlJIMM, aJie 

njia floro BinKpHTTa TpeSa 6yJio HeSyaeHHoi nomTHHHoi iHTyiuii: po3pi3- 
hchhh Flojibini icropHHHOi i enriiHoi. flparoMaHOB BKasaB Ha Te, mo 
no.ibCbKa i pociiicbKa naijioiia;ibHa repHTopw mae He CTHKajoTbCS, orxce 
b jBHCHOcri 6opoTb6a o6ox cynepHHKiB Beaerbcs 3a qyHri, yKpaiHCbiei (a 
TaKoac anTOBCbiti ft 6inopycbid) 3eMJii, mo Ha hhx Hi oahh 3 hhx He Mae 
npasa. Ee3yMOBHO, aonoMoraa /JparoManoBy ao uboro noABHry 
nojDTirmoiayMKH fioro HayKOBa cneujanbHierb — erHorpaipifl. B eTHorpa- 
(J)ii sflaBHa 3H8JIH, ae )KHBe cnpaBWHifi nonbCbKHH Hapoa i jnci Boro rpaHHiii, 
AJie nqjeHeceHHH uboro HavKQBoro niinaHHS b nojimraHy o6jiacn> stbjh- 
cTbca bcjihkhm aocarHeHHHM flparoManoBa" °. KpiM Toro, TaKOH) nocTa- 
hobkok) nHTaHHH .UparoMaHOB 3aKJiaB b VKpaiHCbKiii npaBOBiii Ta nojri- 
TH^Hm ayMui ochobh MbKHapoaHoro rrpaBa, npHHUjuiiH BiaHocHH mihc aep- 
»caBaMH, npaBo Hapoay caMocriiiHo BmHaqa™ cbih craTyc, a Taxo* posy- 
mihhs Toro, mo npHHajiexcmcTb TepHTopii, npHHafiMHi ermiHa, BH3Ha- 
Haerbcfl HapoaoM, skhm na uifi TepHTopii npoxcHBae, a He aepacaBoro, jnca 
laBoioBajia mo Tepuropiio, He3ane>KHo BiaTpHBajiocri m>oro 3aBOK)BaHHH. 
I ot y noiHVKax Buxoay am nojiiTHHHoro Ta HanjoHajn>Horo BH3BOjieHHH 
\TcpaiHCbKoro Hapoay jJparoMaHOB npHxoaHTb .no Teopii (peaepajii3My hk 
cjjhho mohcuhboi Ha toh "jac (J>opMH aepjKaBHoro ycTpojo aepwaB, ao 
cKJiaay hkhx BxoanjiH VKpaiHCbKi 3eMm. Tyr aopenHo 3raaaTH, mo i ao 
flparoMaHOBa jjtei (peaepamiM) 3ycTpiHaK>Tbca B yKpaiHCbKifl npaBOBiii 
a>"Mui, 30KpeMa b aoKyMenrax KnpHJio-MefpoaiiBCbKoro 6paTCTBa, flpore, 
Ha Hainy ayMKy, roBopHTH npo icHyBamra HwicHoi chctcmh noraaaiB Ha 
cjienepaxiiBHHH ycTpiii, iloro posbhtok Ta MOJKJiHBocTi Moscna linbKH cto- 
cobho TBopiocTi .UparoMaHOBa. 

Or^ce, taei coujajii3My Ta cpeaepajii3My b yKpaiHCbKifi npaBOBiii Ta nojn- 
TUHHiii ayinui Bnepme 3Haxoa»Tb cboe HayxoBe BHCBiTJieHHS Ta aaanTauijo 
ctocobho MicueBHx yMOB i noTpe6 y TBopiocTi Mnxaitna i^paroMBHOBa, 
J,. 3acjiaBCbKKH B apyroMy. nepepo6jieHOMV BianoBiaHo ao BHMor pazwH- 
CbKoi ueH3ypH, utnaiim cboci npauj npo MHCJorrejia nncaB: "He MO?KHa 
ianepeqj'BafH Toro icTopuHHoro (paicry, mo b 6araTbox BHnanKax 36ipHHKH 
'TpoMajm" i 6pomypH .UparoManoBa nocjiyaouiH nepinuM nomroaxoM juw 
VKpaiHCbKoi paaHKanbHoi MOJioai 3 api6Ho6yp»(ya3Horo MicbKoro Ta 
cciflHCbKoro cepeaoBHma ao Toro, mo6 3aHHaTHCb coniamcTHTHOK) Ta 
peBojiiomHHoK) nponaraHaow, ajie xto fnrron nia bhuhbom oTpHMaHoro 



99 



nourroBxy no uj>om> aparoMaHiBCbKOMy imraxy, pHiHKVBaB 3a6jry,nHracH 
b nici HauioHaJD3My i onopTyimMy. IH06 nonacn-i na ihjihxh peBOJBO- 
ujftHoro MapKCH3My, Tpe6a 6vjio 3Bq>H)TH KpyTO b cropoHy Bin jparoMa- 
HiBmHHH. BnHa He flonoMorajia, a, HaBnaKH, aaTpywnoBajia 36jm»:eHHa 3 
peBOjnouiHHHM MapKCH3MOM" ! *. Y HaBejieHiH miTaii aBTop noBoiri totoo 
H o6rpyHTOBaHo BKasyBaB Ha npHHHHnoBy HecyMicmcTt peBOjnouiHHoro 
MapKCH3My 3 fioro KJiacoBHM ninxo^oM, amcTaTypoio npoJierapiaTV Ta 
imiiHMH "qecHOTaMFi", npHBaGjiHBicTb hkhx }Tq>aiHCbKHfi Hapoa MaB JMory 
BnOBHi OH1HHTH 3a MHHJjti 70 poiciB, — h npaBOBHMH Ta nomraTOHMH 
norJianaMH i^paroMaHOBa, fioro SaneHHaM ihjisdub Ta nepcneKTHB cycnmb- 
Horo p03BHncy. Ajie 3 njjioi HH3KH npHTOH JlparoMaHOB, caM Toro He Gaxca- 
k>to, cnpmMHHBCH w nocHJieHHH pyxiB Ta HanpaMiB, Bopoacnx a,o yicpa'tH- 
CTBa i nocjiaGjieHHJi caMoro yKpaiHCbKoro pyxy. I tvt Meraiie BCboro bhhh 
,HparoMaHOBa, ajie b ubOMy cyrb Tparejiii ^paroMaHosa. Fojiobhhmh 
cKJia^oBHMH uxci ipareflii e, no-nepine, Te, mo nuiicHa cncTeMa norjismiB, 
«Ka 6yna y mhc- jmTejra ctocobho uuraxiB po3BHncy yxpaiHH, (popni Ta 
MeTojJB ajflJibHocrri yKpaiHCbKoro HauioHajn»Ho-BH3Bo]TbHoro p} r xy, nojii- 
rarooro CBiTorjiajy yiacHHKiB yKpaiHCbKoro nojrmrqHoro pyxy, He 3Hafi- 
uuia CBoro Bi,u;o6pa>KeHHH b HKiflcb oaHifi 3arajn>HOTeoperaHHifi npauj 
MHomrejiH, 6inbme Toro, CTaBJisrocb h "hcoxotoio no bcskhx napxifiHHX 
Ha3B ofl iMeH oco6hcthx ((pHjranoHH, (peaociiBui, aKymHOBim i T.n.)" s Ta 
BimcHflaioqH Teopii, md npeTeanyBajm JiaBaxn BumoBiai Ha sci ron-aims i 
6ym cuhho npaBHJibHHM uumxom jew BHpiiuenHJi Bcix cycninbHHX npoGjKM, 
bih caM HaBiTb He pofniB cnpo6 CTBopeHHJi uiJiicHoi Teopii VKpaiHCbKoi 

HaHJ0H8JIbHO-BH3BOJH>Hoi 6opOTb6H. 

1 jncmo jura ce6e .UparoMaHOB po6HB nenmrii CHCTeMHHH xapaKTep y 
ninxoaax ao rax to iramix cycninbHHX hbhiu Ta npo6neM, skhh nojiaraB b 
opHrinaTbHiH uimcHocri Ta QmocTi fioro inefi i norJiaaiB, Ko*eH i3 skhx 

6VB nOB5I3aHHH 3 iHIUHMII, flOnOBHIOIOTO T3 p03BHBaiOTO IX, i 3p03yMUIHfi 

iiiibKH b uuricHifi cHCTeini, — to BincyraicTb rpyHTOBHoro BHKJiaay uiei 
CHcreMH y rrpamix ^paroMaHOBa nproBeaa 20 Toro, mo HaBiTb Taxi mom, 
sk iBaH dJpaHKo Ta Muxafino FlaBJiMK, hki TicHO cniBnpamoBajni 3 flparo- 
MiiiioBiiM npoTHTOM flecsrndB poKis, ni3Hinie jiaBajra adcomorao npora- 
Jieaao ohjhkh thm to uniiMM acneKTaM nornajtiB MHcnHrejia M . I tomv He 
THiiHo. mo nicjifl CMepTi MHoiHTeira fioro iineHeM npuKpHBanH taeiTa ajmkh, 
a6coJiK>THo nym flparoMaHOBy, ane, Bojmoiac, neBHoio Mipoio nopyineni 
hhm y cboix nayKOBHx qn ny6jriHHCTHHHHx npaustx, aoo 3BHHyBa»ryBaJiH 
fioro b eKJieKTH3Mi. I oco6jthbo He CTOcyrn.cs iaefi (j>enepajii3My Ta couia- 
Jii3My. Hanpmuiaft B. JJopouieHKO y cboui npauj 3 icropii VKpaiHCbKoi" 



l (JO 



r 



nojiiTHHHoiiij'MKH nHcaB HacTynHe: "B Pyn CTHKanHCb i nepexpeinyBajmcb 
piaan BiuiHBH, hk yKpaiHCbKi: "caMOCTiHHHUbKHH", BMpasoM Koxporo 6yjia 
nepina ii 6poinypa, h .aparoMaaiBCbKHH (/JparoManoB, sk bIhomo, ctohb 
3a aBTOHOMiio YKpaimi b Me»;ax <J)e,nepaTHBHo-3pe<popMOBaHO] Pocii)" M . 
TaKHH ycraJieHHH norjBWHa "<|)eflepaJii3M /.JparoMaHOBa", 6e3 }paxyBaHHH 
■rid icTopHHHoi enoxH, b hkv xchb i npamosaB /JparoMaHOB, noMHOKCHHH 
Ha BejiHKHH aBTopHTer /JparoMaHosa cepea npeacxaBHHiciB pliroix Hanpa- 
MiB yKpaiHCbKoro nomTHHHoro pyxy 3irpaB (parajibHy pom, b icropii yKpa- 
iHCbKoro Hapoj^ \ IlepeGyBaio'BH niaBnjiHBOM TaKHX norjiaaiB Ha npo6jieMH 
jjepacaBHoro 6yjiiBHHiiTBa YKpaiHH i He poSjurai BimioBinHoi nonpaBKH 
Ha aoKopiHHy 3MiH> nomTHHHoi CHTyaui] 1917 p., nopiBHjmo 3 70-90-mh 
poKaMHMHHyjioro crojiiTTfl, jujiepH 6LibUiocTi >Tcpai"Hci,KHX nap™ TJJIbKH 
HanpraciHui 1917 — HanoiaTKY 1918p.3p03VMijmMo;KJiHBicTbiHeo6x]La;- 
HicTb CTBopeHH» BJiacHoi .nepacaBH, BipaTHBiim ao uboro nacy nonmpnom 
aBTopHTCT Ta iHiuiaTHBy, mo cnpiroiHHJio BTpaxy, y KimieBOMy ntucyMKy, 
YKpaiHoio BnacHoi aep*aBHOcri i npHHecno yKpaiHCbKOMy HapojioBi hcmhc- 
nHMi ana XX ex. rojioaoMopn, 3HHmeHHJi He TiJibKH KyjibTypH, a H U HOCilB, 
qncjieHHi *epTBH Ta 6inn. 

Ta 5K rrpo6jieMa i 3 nonumaMH /JparoMaHOBa Ha couiajii3M. Mhcjih- 
Tejn» HiTKO p03Me*0BVBaB hh3ky acneioiB njei' npo6jieMH. rio-nepine, po3y- 
mimhh Ba>KJfflBicTb couianhHHX Ta eKOHOMiqHux npaB jnoaHHH, BiH nparHyB 
3HafiTH nuiaxii ixHboro aocinneHHa Ta rapaHTOBaHocri, BBaxaioiH couj- 
ajibHy cnpaBcmiHBicTb oameio 3i CKJiaaoBHX ycniniHoro po3BHncy cycniji- 
bCTBa. BiH npHfluism luh npo6jieMi HajiejKHy VBary, BHBnaioHH Ta TBOpio 
ocmhcjuoioto ToroMacm couiajibHO-eKOHOMiHHi Teopii, nparayqn TpaHC- 
4>opMyBaTH Bee BapiicHe, Ha noro ayMKy, mo c b hhx Teopiax, Ha yicpaiH- 
cbKHH rpyHT. no-apyre, cnocTepiraioHH toh bcjihkhh biudib, «khh Majm 
couiajiicTHHHi peBOJUouiHHi Teopii Ha VKpaiHCbKy mojiojd>, Ta BijtcyTHicTb 
cyTo yKpauicbKoro cnpHHHHTT» ujci Teopii, mo npusBoaHJio ao BurroKy 
Kpamnx, eHepriHHimHX ii npcucTaBHHKiB ao pocificbKHX (ueHTpamcTHHHHX 
Ta aHTHfleMOKpaTHHHHx) nap™ Ta HanpscniB, bih npanryB 3HafiTH uumxh, 
ski 6 aami 3Mory BHKopHCTaHHH mix TeopiH Ha 6jiaro yKpaiHCbKoro 
Hapojiy. Bace Tom, He3Ba)KaioHJi Ha cjia6Kicrb Uboro pyxy, TjparoMaHOB 
npaBHJibHo oujhhb fioro BejiHKOflep)KaBHe cnpaMysaHHa Ta Ti Hac.ii,i.icii. 
snci noTHTHe 3a co6ok> nepeMora Uboro pyxy aim noHeBoneHHX HapojpB 
PocincbKOi iMnepu, mo, 3BHqaHH0, BHKJuncano He3aaoBOJieHHH 3 6oKy 
ueHTpajiicTHHHo HaJiaurroBaHHX pociiicbKHx peBOjnouiHHHX Kin, SKi BBasKa- 
jqi cnpaB>' comaJB3My Ta peBOJnouiHHoi 6opoTb6n Ha TepHTopii Bcid i\tnepii 
cbooo MOHonojiiero. "Uen caM03BaHHHH BHpa3HHK yKpaiHCbKoro couia- 



101 



JB3My — H83HBaB HOrO OflHH 13 pOClHCbKHX peBOJBOUiOHepiB, lUOKpeCJlK)- 

roiH, mo "yKpaiiHCbKi cotnajiicTH, sk BiaoMo, oopioTbca i rHHyn. b paaax 
napiii, npoxn socoin. flparoMaHOB BHcrynae 3 JiaftKoio i HaKJienaMH", i flam, 
ak Ha Ham norjuwiflJiKOM cjivuiho, 3asBjrae, mo flparoMaHOB hucojih cnpaBH<- 
him coiriairicTOM He 6yB, oaciubKH "TinbKH oflHoro pa3y, TiJibKH b 'Tlepeji- 
HBOMV cJioBi ao 'TpoMaan" 1878 p." .ZJparoManoB bhoiobubcs ouibiE 
BHpa3H0 b couiajricTHHHOMy p03>'MiHHi, Ta h to HecaM po3BHBas SKy-He6yab 
nporpaMy, aoKTpHHy, a npwcm&scn no piineHb JlosaHCbKoro Konrpecy 
iHTepHauioHajiy 1867 p. Ajk b "JIhctkj' TpoMaim" N 1 3a toh acepiK n. J\- 
b Bxe cnoxBaTHBca i na crp. 10 Ha nepinoMV CTOBiraiKy 3asmHB: "Te ac, mo 
3Berbca no 6im>unH nacri "couiajibHoio peBomoujao" ... 3Mina aepacaB Ha 
BijibHeTOBapHCTBO muk rpoMaaaHaMH... — to cnpasa 3aT»*<Ha." 3: . IIo-TpeTC, 
flparoMaHOB BBaxeaB coinaidi3M cyro coinaabHo-eKoHOMiHHHM bhchhhm, snce 
xcoflHoio Mipoio He hobhhho npHMemuyBaTH pom Ta 3HaqeHH» nomTHHHHX 
cTpyKTyp cycmjibcTBa, rpoMaa«HCbKHX Ta nojnraraHHX npaB Ta cBo6oa 
aioaHHH. Ane 3HOB> x. TaKH CBoix nonraaiB Ha couiajD3M, CBoei Teopii 
"rpoMamBCbKoro" coiiamaMy bih uuncno He Bmoiaaae y csoix nparwx, ino 
aaBajio niflCTaBH 3Hobv ac TaKH He TiJibKH 3apaxoBVBaTH hoto ao 
ocHOBonojLOHCHHKiB VKpaiHCbKoro couiam3M) i MapKCHSMy b yKpaira, a ft 
npHKpHBaTHCb iMeneM .UparoMaHOBa y kjwcobhx niaxoaax ao TBopeHHa 
BJiacHoi aepscaBH, b inHpoitifi nponaraHm thx HanpsMiB coujamcnraHoro 
BieHHS, soci MHCJiHTeJib BBfDKaB ocoSjihbo BopoxcHMH Ta HeCesneHHHMii ana 
yKpaiHCbKoro Hapoay . BiacjTHicTb uLmcHoro Bmuiaay BJiacnoi cncreMH, aemo 
pi3Hi aKuenni ctocobho HaujoHajibHHX mrraHb Ta MbKHauioHajibHHX BiaHOCHH 

B yKpaiHCbKOMOBHHX Ta pOClHCbKOMOBHHX npaUHX MHCJIHTeOH 3HaHH0 

3MeHHiHjm BnnHB i^paroMaHOBa Ha noaanbiimft po3bhtok yiepaiHCbKoi 
npaBOBo'i ayMKH Ta yjcpaikcbKoro nomTHHHoro pyxy y thx npo6jieMax, ae 
no3HTHBHHH BKJiaa TBopHoi cnaamnHH .AparoMaHosa 6e33anepeHHHH, He 
KaacyHH Bxce npo ti npoSjieMH, pojbhtok hkhx Ha HaiftoHauhHift ochobi tb Ha 

BJiaCHHX iCTOpHHHHX TpaaHIDJIX 6yB aeCpOpMOBaHHH CTOpOHHiMH BiunroaMH. 

,HpyroK> CKJiaaoBoio Ha3BaHoro sisimui e, Ha Ham norcwa, toh (paicr, 
mo y TaKHfi oco6jthbo BaaocHH i cKJiaaHHfi aaa VKpaiHCbKoro Hapoay nac, 
9khm 6yjia apyra nonoBHHa XIX ct., ^IparoMaHOBy He Tim>KH aoseaocb 

OHOilHTH yKpaiHCbKHH nOJHTHHHHH pyx, & ft, no CJTi, 3aHOBO C(pOpMVBaTH 

fioro Ta TpnBajiHH nepioa 3ajmmaTHCb fioro caHHHM penpeseHTaHTOM 
TaKoro pinna i MacmTa6y. A CKJiaamcTb laBaaub , mi CTOHmi nepeayKpaiH- 
cbKHM noaiTHHHHM pyxoM, BH3H3Haaacb He npocTo BaacKHMH, a eKCTpe- 
Ma.TbHHMii yMOBaMH, B hkhx bih nepeSyBaB y Meacax PociflcbKoi iMnepii, 
npaKTHHHo BiacyTHboio, qepe3 noaiTHKy ypnav', 3Moroio Syab-jncoipoSoTH. 



102" 



Or hk xapaKTepircye Ti vmobh oaHe 3 HayKOBHx BHaaHb, aice bhhhijio 
jqjyKOM y Pocii * TaKH: "IloKiHMHBiiiH 3 nomTHiHoio BiaoKpeMJiemcno 
yicpajiHH, ypaa Pocii He 3aaoBOHbHHBCH uhm: bjh BHpiuiiiB CTep™ i shhihh- 
th TaKO* i npoaBH 2 HauioHajibHoro >KHTTa, i HaBixb oco6jiHBOCTi yKpai'H- 
cbKoro HauioHajibHoro THny. FIoHHHaioiH 3 IleTpa I fljis yicpaiHCbKMX 
BHaaHb BBoanTbca ueH3>pa, axa MaJia Ha MeTi npHBecxH ix ao oaHOMa- 

HiTHOCTl B MOB1 3 HJLUTHHHMI! pOCUICbKHMH. PvCH(j)iK\TOTbCa yKpaiHCbKl 
UIKOJIM. BBOJBHTbCH pOCIHCbKa BHMOBa B OOrOCJiyHOHHfl. By ab-8KHH npoaB 

yKpaiHCbKoro narpioTH3My peBHo nepecjoaycrbca i 3a3Hae jthciob. I"Ioih- 
HiiK>4ii 3 nonoBHHH XIX Bky iw nomTHKa cKJiaflaeTbca b cipory chctcmj '. 
Byab-SKHH npoaB vKpaiHCbKoi caMOCBiaoMOCTi nepecJiiayBaBca 
HaKpi3HOMaHiTHiiiiHMH 3axoaaMH aaMuticrpaTHBHoi onaatr. "yKpamcbKHH 
cenapaTH3M" — ue nopoa*eHH» HeracToi coBicri pociflcbKoi SiopoKpaiii, 
ana npoTHTOM cTomTb npHHyurvBajia 6yat-aKi nojiiTHiHi, Kyjibiypra i 
HauioHajibHi nparneHHa jTcpainuiB, — BHKopiHaKTbcaTenep y Bcix apepax: 
<ni fta,eTbca npo bhhhkhchhh iHTepecy ao pianoro cnosa, hh ao MHHyjioro 
i cyiacHoro cBoro Kpaio, ra, Bpeurri, npo po6oTy Ha Kopucxb ocBin-i fi 
eicoHOMiTOoro po3BHTKy Hapoay... UlnpoKOMy po3BHTKOBi yKpaiHCTBa He 
6yno Micua b unxyMOBax. 3a6opoHH i romHHS nepeKpHBajiH aocTyn yicpa- 
iiHCbKoi KiiiDKKH ao uiHpoKHX HapoaHHX Mac pocificbKoi yicpaiHH, 3acya- 
acyioiDi ix Ha TeMHory, 3y6o>itiHHai BHpoa*eHHa. Bohh CTaBHJM He36opHMi 
nepenoHH posBHTKy iriTepaTypH; BiocmoHaJiH MoacaHBicTb yKpaincbKoi 
npecH. Bohh hc ao3B0Ji»JiH VKpaiHCbKOMy cjioBy nocicTH Te Micue, skc 

HaJIOKHTb pUUOH MOBi B KyjIbTVpHOMy Ta nyxoBHOMy acHiri KO»CHOrO 
Hapoay, KOJKHOrO CycntllbCTBa, CnOTBOpK>K>HH TaKHM HHHOM 3aKOHOMipHHH 

po3BHTOK ycboro yKpaiHCbKoro whtts, 3aKpHBaioHn ana yKpaiHCbKoro cyc- 
niJibCTBa MOSKJiHBicTb HauioHajibHoro caMOBH3HaieHHa i B3araai 6yab-aKoi 
caMoaisurbHocTi" B . I tomv crac 3po3yMinoK) npHHHHa Toro, mo "b apyrifi 
nojioBHHi MHHynoro cTomrra mh Mafi»ce BTpaxHJin nocjriaoBHicn. yKpaiH- 
CbKoro peBojnouiHHoro po3BHTKy i eaHHHM ronocoM, SKHH 3aiuiHKaB ao 
BiaHOBJieHHa peBOjnouiHHHX TpaaHuifi YKpauHH, 6yB rojioc MHxafiiia 
/IparoMaHOBa. 3aMicib nojiJTHHHHx BH3B0jn>HHx Tpaamufi, cTBopeHo 
KOHueimjio "KVJibTypmmTBa", HKe npn Bcix cboix MopajibHHX BapTotrrax 
He Morao b Hapoai 3acTymiTn TpaaHuiio BH3BonbHoi 6opoTb6H" u . Aae 
HafiSiabma npo6jieMa noaaraaa y tomv, mo /JparoMaHOB, b chji>' o6crra- 
bhh onHHHBiiuicb Ha "joai yKpaiHCbKoro nomTHHHoro pyxy, ne xuibKH ne 
DTpHMyBaB B eMirpanii aocTarHboi niarpiiMKH Bia cboix oanoavMuiB 3i 
"CTapoiTpoMaaH",aKi, CBoro iacy,nepe6j'BajraHa no3Huiax 3Haino paaw- 
KajibHUimx, Hi* .ZJparoMaHOB, a ni3Hune, nia thckom ypaaosnx hhhhhkib 



"103 



I 



Ta no6oioio i iHCb moxcmbhx penpeciii 3 6oxy pocincbKHX BJiacreH, noBHicno 
BiajiiniJiH BtanonmiTHoro yKpaiHCTBa, — a fl KOHcrpyK- thbhoi rpyirroBHoi 
KpHTHKH CBOIX ffW to norasaiB. 

3arajioM cniBnpaua /{paroMaHOBa 3i "CTapoio rpoMaaoio" y nepioa 
eMirpauii c enisoaoM flOBOJii MajionpucMHHM ana o6habox cropiH i, Biano- 

BiHHO, MaJIOKOpHCHHM MS p03BHTKY VKpaiHCbKOrO pVX)'. BvayHH jnoaHHOlO 

KpHTHHHOio, He BH3HaioHH scoaHHX florM Ta 6e33anepeiHHX aBTopHTeriB, 
MaioiH Ha Bee cbih BJiacmm nonraa, bih, 3BHHaHH0, He Mir 6yrn npocro 
pynopoM VKpaiHO(J)iJiiB , thm Biabine, mo niaicHoi nporpaMH ocTaHHi He Ma jih. 
"H 6yB 3arHaBct ayMKoia, — rmeaB ^paroMaHOB, — mo UleBqeHKo bjkc 
nepeacHTHH <pa3HC, mo hobhh wp. pyx ms,e flam, no HOBoeBponencbKiii 
aopoii, a Tenep 6any , mo He linbKH Maca yKpaiHoipijiiB , ajie i yKpaiHo<pijn>cbKi 
rmcaTeni, He TiiibKH b rajmHiim, a i b Pocii" me He aornajiH i LUeBqeHKa 
poiciBHa 10-20" 3, .Tom\ HeaHBHo, moysceHanoqaTicy 1877 p. boahomv 'si 
cboix jracTiB ao *meHa "Crapoi rpoMaan" O. I. JIoHaqeBCbKoro-IieTpyHSKH 
bih nncaB: "Tenep a Gaacaio, kojih 6 ckiothth xorb api khhhoch 36ipHHKa 
["FpoMaflH". — A. T.\, — Ta 3HafiTH hk> podoTy, ypoKH to mo, mo6 npoacHTH, 
a 30CTaHen.cs iac, a cnomfiHo He BCH»cy, s 6yay po6hth, hk po6hb paaoBHM 
Ta Ha cboix Horax, cboim koihtom. CaM 3a ce6e 6yay i onoBiaani: "to CKaacy 
aypramro, — acaxcyTb flp-BKaace, a HeyKpaiHo^iro; m acaHcy npoTHinepcTi 
cboim, — CKaacy: roBopiTb Bh po3yMHime, a « He mojkv roBopHTH iHaicme. 
Hk 6aqHTe, mean ayxce "iHaHBiayaJiicTHTOHH", a He "comaJiicTHHHHH" — 
TaK rpoMaaa tlumch Toai i rpoMaaa, kojih BOHa i3 caMocriHHHx iHaHBiaJB i 
piBHonpaBHHX 3Jio»ceHa. A a Tenep He caMocriHHHH po6iTHHK, — a qopT 
iioro 3Ha i mo" M . Ta, thm He mchuic, ^paroMaHOB npoaoBacysaB BecTH 
peaaKuiio 'TpoMaan" ao™, noioi 6yjia <piHaHC0Ba niarpHMKa, mo i aaao 
homv macTaBH roBopHTH b jmcri ao "CTapoi' FpoMaaH" npo Te, mo BKa3a- 
HHfi 36ipHHK Ta imni BHaaHHa, saJHCHem hhm y ^CeHeBi, 6yjm (paKTuroo 
eaHHOK) \KpaiHOMOBHoio nojriTHHHOK) JiiTepaTypoio ( KpiM toto "3/4BCboro, 
mo 3a ocTaHHi 15 poiciB nncajiocb Ha "HHOCTpaHHbix" MOBaxnpo YKpaiHy, 
Syjio HanncaHO kojbi He mhokj, to 3 noBoay Moi'x nyGjDKaiJJH i no moih 
UDHiaTHBi" J: . 

He BaaroHHcb Tyr ao oujhkh uhx ny6jnKamH, 3a3HaTOMo, mo h caM 
/JlparoMaHoB BiaHVBaB HeoSxiaHicrb icHVBanHa pi3mix no3HuiH ctocobho 
injiaxiB poiBHTKy Ta nepcneKTHB VKpaiHCbKoro pyxy i He BBaxcaB cboi 
noraaaH 3a aoray to HenorpiuiHMy icTHHy, niaKpecjnoioTO, mo Horo 
CHcreMa norjiaaiB Moace TOMOcb i He aocKOHajia, npoTe nuricHa i, mo6 3ane- 
peHHTH u, noTpi6na mma CHCTeMa, xona 6 i aiaMerpaJibHO npoTHJiesHa: 
"Mem aocH, — nncaB /^paroMaHOB, — TaKoi chctcmh He npoTHByno- 



104" 






craBHJiH. Mano Toro, yea npaKnoca mos 3a 12 poidB, kojjh a neiaxaio 
yicpaiHocjHjrbCbKi no ojxhhm, MOCKBO^iffbCbid no /xpyrHM, CTarii, /jae Mem 
ayMKy, mo most CHCTeMa Bipna... Jtino Tyr He b KopucTi, hh inKoai Mod 
npaui, a b BipHOCTi, hh b HeBipHOCTi Toro, hk a po3yMuo 3aKon yicp. icropii 
i noiriTHKH, i kotphh 3aKOH a volens-nolens a Myiny Maiii 3aBine Ha npH- 
Mixui, kojih mo npamoK), kojih xcry, mo6 bih Meae He poiaaBHB. .3 Moacy 
noMHJiarHCb, — a ayMaTH iHaicine yce TaKH He Moacy, noicH ne noKaxcyrb 
Mem HHraoro 3aKOHy" M . I TOMy, Ha Hauiy /ryMKy, npo6jreMH, aid nocrajiH 
nepea yKpaiHCLKHM pyxoM y npyrin nojioBHHi XIX ct. i ni3Hiuie, nonaraioTb 
He y npaBHJibHocTi an xh6hoct1 tux to unmix TBepaaceHb /(paroMaHOBa, 
a y TOMy, mo ynpoaoBac rpHBajioro iacy b yKpaiHCbKOMy nonrnnHOMy 
pyci He 6vjio imuoro jnana uaKoro irn enemy ajibHoro piBHa i TajcoiimHpoTH 
nonranJB, aK Bin. A ue, cbooo neproio, npH3Boanno 30 Toro, mo, He MaioHH 
nocTOHHoro onoHeHTa, ^paroMaHOB 3ajimnHB nosa yBaroio mnicy cyr- 

TCBHX MOMCHT1B. SDK1 MaJIH npHHUHnOBe 3HaieHHa, BOjmOiaC BUIBOjaHH 

3Ha"ffle Micue MOMenraM, HenpHHUHnoBHM ana p03Bnncy noniTHHHoro 
yKpaiHCTBa. 

Ozmax OAHifl mo/mm, HaBin, reHianbiriH, He nin amy CTBopeHHa BneHHa 
th Teopii", atd 6 Morjra flara BH^epriHy Bi/moB&b Ha bci cycnuibHi 3ami- 
raHHa, mo cToan> Ha neBHOMy crani nepen cycmnbCTBOM, He KaatyiH Bate 
npo BH3HaieHHa nepcneKTHB po3BHTKy Ha TpHBanroi icTopirqHHH nepio/i.. 
He npeKpacHO posyMiB caM MHcnurenb, mjncpecJiioioqH, mo "a Sararo BipH 
b ce6e hucojth He MaB, 60 3HaH> cboi HeBenmd chjih. OflHe TiiibKH a teko»: 
3HaB: gutta carat lapidem [Kpanna KaMim. tohhtb. — A. T. ] i npamoBaB aK 
viir. ITpamoio i Tenep, HaBin. Moace 6im.ine, Hiac KOJmcb. Ta liubKH o6cTa- 

BHHH 3BepHyitHCb T3K, UIO MOfl npaua HaBITb He BHUHa HUCOMy" ". 

npaua flparoMaHOBa He nponana JiapeMHO, ane nepe3 oScraBHHH, npo 
snti Bate ftuuioca BHine, BOHa ue npHHecjia VKpaincbKOMy HaponoBi -rid 
Kopncii, aKoi Bin Hei" MoacHa 6yno cnoniBaTHCb i aicy 6 BOHa, 6es cyMHiBy, 
npHHecjia, kojih 6 cnpaBy JJparoMaHOBa xTocb nponoBaciiB nicna fioro 
cMepTi y Bcifl iff irjiricHocTi Ta 6araToacneKTHOcTi. Ane, Ha 6iny yicpaiH- 
cbKoro Hapoay, y /IparoMaHOBa He TinbKH He 6yno 3a acmra onoHeHTiB 

Ta meHHHXnpOTHBHHKiB, piBHHX HOMV 33 lHTeJieKTOM, OCBiHeHiCTK) Ta rJTH- 

6hhgk> ayMKJi, aiie fi nicjia CMepTi He 3Hafiuuioca nocjnnoBHHKiB, aid 6 MorJiH 
npoJTOB»HTH cnpaBy MHcnHTena b hobhx cycninbHo-icTopHHHHx yMosax, 
36epinnH npn HbOMy opicHTanji' JJparoMaHOBa Ha yBecb VKpaiHCbKHH Hapoa 
Ha bcjx hoto erHinHHX 3eMJiax, yMiHHa ocMHcmoBaTH Ta anamyBaTH ana 
noTpe6 pumoro Hapojry aocarHeHHa nepeaoBoi cbitoboi jryMKH, nparHeima 
rapMOHutao nocflHara iHTepecH jhojxhhh, rpoMajm, Hauii, jnoacTBa, nocTiH- 



105 






ho, sa 6y,m>-aKHX vmob i 3a 6y,nk-aKHX o6cTaBHH, 36epiraTH HenoxHTHHMH 
Mopaju.Hi 3aca,iH- IlocjiijioBHHKH JJparoMaHOBa, pajnne Ti, xto Ha3HBaB 
ce6e raKHMH, SpaiiH sKycb oflHy flyMKy mhcjihtcjih, oicpeMHH acneKT Horo 
noraaaiB i, b Mipy cboix chji Ta csoro p03yMiHHS, o6epTam-i hhmh /eib BJiac- 
hhx urrepeciB a6o nponyinemix Kpi3b npH3My BJiacHnx iHTepeciB cyc- 
niio>CTBa. I flofipe 6vjio, kojih ixhc p03VMiHHa iHTepeciB cycnintCTBa 
36iranoca 3 o6'ckthbhhm. Y TaKOMy pa3i norxuMH, Bracnaaem JXparoua- 
hobhm, nornH6inoBaJiHCb, po3BHBajmci> BianoBtuHo no hobiix icTopHiioix 
yMOB, sGaraiyioHH VKpaincbKy npasoBy Ta nojiiTHHHy ayMicy. ilKmo ue 
po3)'MiHHfl He 35irajioca, to iHTepecu miacy 3aKpHBajmi iirrepeGH Haini Ta 
oco6h a6o naiiis crasHJiacb noHanyce, a6o iHxepecu oco6h orojiomyBanHCb 
He TinwcH flOMiriyioqHMH, ajie h cuhhhmh BapTHMH yBarn, irHopyio^H toh 
<j)aKT, mo K05KeH biHHBin same y cycmnbCTBi i BxoaHTb no neBroix cycnijib- 
hhx VTBopenb. LJe, cbocio Heproio, He Morno npH3BecTH Hi no noro imiioro, 
sk TinbKH no hobhx couiaJibHHX noxpaciHb Ta hobhx 3JMro;iHiB jum yKpaiH- 
cbKoro Hapoay. ' 

fl,o Bcid'cycnijibHo-nojriTHHHoiaijDibHOCTi JJparoMaHOBa Ta Horo XBop- 
<jocri noBHicno npnaaTHi cnoBa oflnoro 3 BtmaTHHX 6opuiB 3a Hauio- Hajib- 
ne BiapoasKeHHfl qect-Koro Hapojiy, o^Horo 3 HaH6inbranx noeriB Hexii ilHa 
Hepyan: "floorrb p03MOB npo HauioHajii3M i naTpioTH3M. %. HeHaBmwcy 
thx, xto He 6aqnTb MexH bhihoi, hi* 6\th naTpioTOM, xto BBaacae, mo 
Bate Hinoro 6iin>Hie i HeMosamBo 3po6HTH ana cBoro Hapoay. Mh ctoimo 
Ha TaKOMy piBHi miBirri3auu, Ha stkomv naTpioTH3M He e 6im>me hiskoio 
3acnyroio. Ufi ay*e jiencHM o6ob'»3ok. Hi, xenep Tpe6a 6opoTHCb 3a Te, 
ino6 aana Haiiia 6yjia BH3HaHa iHimiMH i mo6 SHira u 6yjio 3a6e3neqeHe. 
B iibOMy nojiarae Mia KOCMononiTinM. ^aBaftre HacjiinyBaTH ypoKH inini ix 
naiiiH i 3ijmeM B eaHHe ujjie Hami oCTaHHi iHamu 3 thmh, axi Ha6yri hhmh 
b HaujoHajibiriH kojihchj" *. 

flparoMaHOB nparHyB BHBecTH yicpaiHcbKy npaBOBy Ta nojtiTHHHy a>'M- 
kv Ha esponeHCbKHH piBeHb po3BHTK\, mo, Ha Horo ayMKV, aajio 6 yicpa- 
iHCbKOMy Hapo^oBi 3Mon ycniuiHoro HauioHa^BHoro xa couiajibHoro po3- 
BHTKy. ripH ubOMy b GaraTbox nHTaHHax homv aoBeaocb noTOHaTH 3 Hyjra, 

OCKMbKH BHaCJIUIOIc iCTOpHHHHX OOCTaBHH p03BHT0K yKpaiHCbKOl npaBOBOl 

ayMKii b XIX ct, aysce cnosinbHUBca, xoh y nonepeam cTomTra Bona Majio 
B Houy nocxynaaacb npaBOBifi ayMui UHBini30BaHHx eBponeflcbKHX Hapo- 
aiB. CaMey noflonanHi utoro BiacxaBaHHa, b Ha6jDi»ceHHi VKpaiHCbKoi npa- 
boboi 'ayMKH ao piBHa cBponeficbKoi xa cBiToBoi npaBOBoi svmkh, 36ara- 
leHm i'i aocHTHeHHaMH ocTaHHix i nonarac HaH6ira>ma, Ha Hamy flj^Ka, 
3acnyra /IparoMaHOBa, 3HaHeHHH fioro npaBOBoi cnaamHHH. 



\aC 






ninKpecjnoioqH CBiii reHeirpfflHH 3b'h3ok 3i BciMa nonepejmiMH era- 
naMH poiBHTKy yKpaiHCbKOi nomxuHHoj i npaBOBoi avMKH, /JparoNtaHOB 
MaB 6ibn.rae Ha Meri noKasara oprarnqmcTL Ta HacTynHicTb y npoueci mi 
posBHTKy, Hi* BKa3aTH Ha xi ochobh, niii BruniBOM hkhx Bin6yBajiocB fioro 
cT3H0BneHH» hk nojriTH'moro MHCJDrrenH Ta TeoperoiKa npaBa. BoaHonac, 
BiH saioiaB ochobh niaxoay ao TeopeiHHHoi cnaamHHH nonepcanix noKO- 
jriHb, niaxoay, hkomv oaHaKOBo iy»ci hk iaeajmaubi MHHyiioro hh oKpenoix 
ictophhhhx nocTaTen TaK i orynBHe OHOpHeHHH icTopii. Y aparoMa- 
HOBCbKoiny niaxoai opratrimo noeaHain icTopHHHHH aHani3, kphthhhhh 
niaxiaxa BMinmi no6aiHTH Bee re noiHTHBHe, mo MO*Ha i ipe6a BpaxyBaxH 

B HHHilHHiX TeOpeTHTIHHXp03po6KaX, T3 BMIHHfl He TUIbKH 3p03yMJTH HeaO- 
JBKH T8 nOMHTKH MHHVJIOrO, ajie H npHHHHH lXHbOl noaBH Ta Ti j'poKH, sod 
Heo6xiOHO 3pO§HTH 3 HHX nOMHJIOK CyHaCHHM nOKOJOHHHM. IlpHKJiaaOM 

TaKoro e onbnca, aaHa /JparoManoBHM zciaJibHocTi TOBapncTBa "06'ea- 
HaHHX Cjiob'hh". Eepyim 3 ixHboi nporpaMH Bee Te no3HTHBHe i rrporpe- 
CHBHe, mo b hih 6yno, bih, BoaHonac, niiuqpecjnoBaB, mo y hhx, "He3Ba- 
ataioHH Ha yKpaiHCbKe noxoaKemM 6inbinoi HacTHHH 3 hhx, He bjuho i 
cjriay HauioHaiEbHoi yKpaiHCbKOi caMOcBiaoMocri 1J,h nporajnoia b iaenx 
O. Cjiob'hh 6yJia oaHiao 3 tojiobhhx npinmH ix cna6Kocri i cyMHoro ipa- 
ri3My ix 3arH6em" *. 

JJparoMaHOB 36araTHB i niaHHB Ha hkkho HOBHfipiBeHh ne TinbKHyKpa- 
iHCbKy npaBOBy ay*ncy , a ii mbb BHpiuianbHHH snnuB Ha cpopMyBaHHH po3y- 
MiHHH aeMOKpaTmnnix iHCTHTyriB y npaBOBifi ayMHi cyciajrix HapoaJB. TaK, 

BiaOMHH pociliCbKHH nOJIHHHHHH jm*i Ta TCOpeTHK KOHCTHTJTliOHaJli3M> 

Ft. OrpyBe nncaB, mo /JparoMaHQB 6yB nepmiiM, xto aaB "pociHCbKifi aeMO- 
KpaTii" mnpoKy i HCHy nojriTHmry nporpaMy. BiH nepiuHii pisKo i hitko 

3 SCVBaB pOClHCbKOMV CyCniJIbCTBy CMHCJI 1 3HaieHHH KOHCTinyTUHHOrO 

nopaaKy i, oco6jhibo, npaB oco6h" °. 

y cBot'x npauax /JparoMaHOB niaKpecjQOBaB Te BenHKe 3HaieHHfl, aKe 
MaioTb ana cycniiibCTBa aepxaBa, 3aKOH, npaBonopnaoK. Y toh nac, kojih 
nomnpioBajiHCb norjiaan Ha aepJKaBy hk Ha 3HapnaaH eKcruryaTaini, 3aKOH 
hk Bojno gKorocb miacy, joci noTpi6Ho 3HHmHTH y npoueci peBOjaouiHHoi 
6opoTb6H, MHCinrrejib nponoBiavBas npHHimroi naHVBaHHa npaBa xa Bep- 
xoBeHCTBa 3aK0Hj ', niaKpecjiK>io<ni Heo6xiaHicTb posyMiHHH, mo "ycHKa 
namow Mae apa kihhi i BOHa Moace noBepHyracb i npoTH Toro, xto Tenep 
neio BOJiojie, Toai hk csoSoaa, 3aK0H Moate, hk me 3a3HaiHB omm 3HaMe- 
hhthh a<piHHHHH, 3axHCTHTH ko»ch)' mommy ', HaBiTb i b toh iac, "kojih 
BOHa BHHBHTbCH b CTaHOBHmi cjia6uioro" * 3 . Xto3H3, hk 6h noBepm'Jiacb 
icTopia, kojih 6 maepH ouibmoBHHbKoi napxii 3aMHCJiHJiHCb 3ajjiai[eriio> 



"107 



Haa xhm, mo acepxBaMH Tq>opy i 6e33aKOHHH, po3B'H3aHoro hhmh, y 
idHiieBOMy nLncyMKy, craHyn> bohh caMi?! 

CaMe TOMy b yxte nepa3 3rajyBaiDH nporpaMi "BinbHa Cnunca" .ZJparo- 
MaHoB BHcrynaB He 3 KJiacoBHMM hh couiaJibHHMH irijjxoaaMH, a niaKpec- 
JH0B3B, mo nparnyxn couiaJn>Horo nporpecy , flOMaraxncb xoro, ino6 cxaxH 

Ha OJIHOMy piBHi 31 BC1M3 p03BHHyTHMH HHBlJli30BaHHMH jjepxasaMH, 

noBHHui npeflCTaBHHKH Bcix sepcTB i KJiaciB. I cxBopioBaxneb TaKe nojn- 
THHHe 06'eOTaHHH noBHHHO "3i bcix TenepiinHix KJiacis HacejieHHfl" **. Bo, 
i b ubOMy /^paroMaHOB 6yB XBepao nepeKOHaHufi, "hkhh 6h He 6yB nonaxoK 
/jepscaB, jnci 6 He 6yjni ix HenpaBflH, — a Bee TaKH aepscasHi iHCXHxyuii 
cTajni xenep aKyMyiraxopaMH i KoJieicxHBHOi jyMKH i Bom, KOTpa Mycwxt 
se no KpafnuH Mipi KacyBaTH HenpaBjjy, kojih BOHa BH3HaHa 3a TaKy, 
6ijn>uncTH> xoh Hafl6ijibiii ocBiieroix jnoaefi, kojih He sciei aepacaBHOi 

JHOaHOCTH" 45 . 

L(i xa unni norajmn .UparoMaHosa Ha npaBOBi npo6jieMH, po3po6Ka 
hhm psmy iHCTHTyTiB npaBa jiae nwcxaBH cxBepjBKyBaxH, mo ^paroMaHOB 
e (pyanaxopoM HOBixHboi yKpaiHCbKoi' npaBOBoi ayMKH. CaMe ^paroMa- 
hob "yKpaiHCbKe iraxaHHa, cnpaBy hchxxsl h SyjjyraoexH yKpauicbKoro 
Hapcuy BH3BOJIHB 3 nepecyaiB exHorpatpii xa nyx HasaarainTBa, a nocxa- 
bhb 3 ojjHoro 6oKy Ha nomxHHHHH rpym\ a 3 jjpyroro, 3B'»3aB i 3 Bcecsix- 
him nocxynoM i jJceMOKpaxioo" *. I 3aBepmyio , iH BHCBixjieHHSt 3HaieHH5i 
npaBOBoi cna;unirHH MHCjmxeJiH jvlh yKpaiHCbKoi npaBOBoi jxyMKH, fioro 
BnnHBy Ha ncuajitiiiHil u po3bhxok, Bimaexboi moxcjihbhm HaBecxn cnoBa 
BacHJia Cxapamnca, cxa3aHi hhm Ha nepumx poKOBHHax CMepxi JJparo- 
MaHOBa, flOflasiiiH Bin ce6e, mo CKaiaHe noBHOio Mipoio cxocyexbcfl i 
npaBOBoi jiyMKH: "Pwko cepeji Koxpoi" Hami HaftrtexbCJi xaKHH Bcecxopon- 
ttifi aiini, hk Mhx. ^-b cepen, Hamoi. BiH cny hchb HainoMy na po ziob 1 He xjjimco 
HayKOBHMH npaiWMH; BiH yHMHB cboim bcjihkhm xanaHXOM yci hhxkh Ha- 
moro hchxth i aobIb, mo ayMKH pycbKO-yKp. cycnijn>HocxH b cnpaBax Hauio- 
HaJibHO-noJiixHHHHX, KyubxypHHX i coujaJttHHx cxann aaneKo He xaiti, hk 
6yJiH nepea Horo BHcxynjieHHHM. BiH Bpeurri sko ojhh 3 HaH6Lnbimix espo- 
neficbKnx ny6jriiJtHcxiB 3MycHB GBpony nbHaxH Pych-YKpaiiHy" *\ 

Ane XBopna cna/wonta ,HparoMaHOBa cxaHOBHXb cboroaHi He xinbKH 
icxopHHHHH iHxepec. B yMOBax, kojih VKpaiHCbKa aepscaBHicxb cxaJia 
peajibHicxio, kojih yKpaiHCbKHft Hapoa, He 6e3 xpyjmoiiUB, ajie, xhm He 
Memn, jjobojd ycminHo 6yaye cbok> aep»caBy Ha xphbkomj (pynnaMeHxi 
jjeMOKpaxii, 3aKOHHOcxi, noBara no rrpaB xa cbo6o.h jiiojihhh, npaBOBi 
noraanH /JparoMaHOBa 3Haxoaaib cboc peajibHe BnuieHHs y cycnijibHo- 
nojrixHHHJH npaKXHui. BnepmexBopqa cnaamHHa MHCjmxejiH cxae aocxyn- 



108 



hok) ana nmpoKoro yicpaiHCbKoro wraia, 3 aBJiscrbCH 3Mora bhbhchhh 
fforo norJuuiB He b paMKax npoicpycTOBoro Jio»ca MapKCHCTCbico-JieHiH- 
clkoi MerofloJiorii'Ta 6e3 noflBifiHoro ueroypHoro thck>. Mo*Ha noBHJcno 
noroanTHCb 3 oahhm 13 nepurax 6iorpa<piB ^paroMaHOBa J\. 3acjiaBCbKHM, 
hkhh imcaB: "BaraTo, sBiraaftHo, ycrapino b craTrsx ^paroMaHOBa. Ajie 
me SLntine 36eperjio He tuibkh Bejrmcy icTopmHy ouoricTb, ajie fi hchtt€- 
BicTb jvm cynacHHX mnaHb Ta iHTepeciB. flparoMaHOBa TpeSa He TinbKH 

BHBHBTH — >' HbOTO MOHCHa me B1HTHCS. #0 UHX nip HOPO He CTiUbKH BHB- 
qaJHI, CKLJIhKH HHM KOpHCTyBaJIHCb — KOXHHH flJIfl CBOQ MCTH" a . 

I tomv cborcapi, Koim, 3a pimcicHHM bhhhtkom, bci noraimmi napTii 
Ta pyxn b YicpaiHi, Bci peanicTHHHO HacrpocHi no.-araxn npanryTb no6y- 
aoBH aeMOKpaTHHHoi, npaBOBoi YKpaiHH, npaBOBa cnaAUWHa Jlparo- 
MaHOBa Ha6yBac oco6jiHBoi aKryajibHOCTi, a ii' npaKTHiHe, aepscaBOTBOpie 
ocMHcreHHjr Ta BHKOpHCTaHHH MOJKe nocjry)KHTH oaniao 3 thx ochob, snd 
CTaHjTb laciimiM i TeopeTHHHHM <j>yHaaMeHTOM ^jm cTBopeHHH cra6ijQ>H0i, 
aeMOKpaTHHHoi, po3BHHyToi HauioHaJibHOi npaBOBoi' chctcmh b YKpaiHi. 















109 



nPHMITKH 



bcty n 

1 CoKypewco B. r. fleMOKpaTimecKHe yncHHfl o rocyflapcTBe h npaae Ha YKpanne 
BOBTopofi nojioBHHeXIX BeKa (M. ^paroMaHOB, C. noflOJiHHCKHil, O. TepjieiiKufl). 
JIbBOB, 1966. CIO. 



P03^IJ1 I 

1 &pctHKoI. %. CycnijibHO-nojiiTHHHi nonwflH M./JparoMaHOBa // JliTepaTypHO- 
HayxoBHif bichhk [flani - J1HB]. 1906. T.35. C.226-227. 

1 Oneua nvuiKa. CnoraflH npo Mnxafina flparoMaHOBa // YKpaiHa. K., 1926. 
Kh.3-4. C.40. 

3 UpteOMame M. 77. nepenucKa. T.l feflHHHH, hkhh bhhujob nifl TaKoio HasBoio. 
- T.A.]. JlbBiv, 1901. C. 159. 

4 Omhd n*dnKO. CnoraflH npo MnxaKjia flparoMaHOBa... C.43, 45. 
s IlpmoMdHoe M. 77. JIhcth hh HaflaninpflHcbKy YicpaiHy // JlixepaTypHo- 

nyCniwcTHHHi npaui [nam - Jinn]: B 2 t. K., 1970. T.l . C.450-451 . 

( UpcxoMaHoe M. 77. ABroGHorpaepHHecKHe 3aMexKH. ABTorpa(j> UeHTpajibHoro 
acpiKaBHoro icTopHHHoro apxiBy YicpaiHH y JlbBOBi [flaJii - UiJIA Yxpai'HH y 
JlbBOBi]. C>.633, on. 2, cnp.90, apx.3. 

" TaM caMO. ApK. 1. 

I Oneua ntuiica. CnoraaH npo Mnxafijia flparoMaHOBa... C.55. 
' T«m caMO. C.53. 
"> TaM caMO. C.59. 

II EyxctiHCbKuii M. J\o riMHaaifljibHHX jiit M. n. /JparoMaHoaa (ApxiBHi 
aonoBHeHHfl 30 cnoMHHiB O. nniJiKK) // YKpaiHa. K.. 1926. Kh.3-4. C.69. 

12 njHUOManoe M. 77. AacTpo-pycbKi cnoMHHH (1867-1877) // Jinn. K„ 1970. 
T.2.C.153. 

13 TaM caMO. 

14 Oneua IjHiAKa. CnoraflH npo Mnxaiijia /IparoMaHOBa... C.49. 
" UpaeoMdHoe M. 77. ABro6norpa<J)HMecKHe 33MeTKH... ApK.l. 
" TaM caMo, ApK. 2. 

" iHCTHTyr JiirepaTypH im.T. T. UJeBMeHKa AH YicpaiHH. BiflflLn pyiconHciB. <J>. 
26, ofl.36.156. 

18 LUJ.IA YKpai'HH y JlbBOBi. <t>. 146, on.4, Ofl.36.3687, apK.57. 

19 IHCTHTyr JiiTcpaTypH iM.T. r.LUeBqeHKa AH YKpaiHH. Biflfliji pyKO- ruicis. 
<t>. 26, ofl.36.162. 

20 UpazoManoe M. 77. J\bb ymrreni. Chomhhh // BuopaHe. K„ 1991. C.594. 

21 IncTHTyT jriTepaTypH iM.T.r.LUeBHeHKa AH YKpaiHH. Biflaiji pyKonncis. G>. ] 
26, ofl.36.156. 

22 AmemumoK 1. 3 »HaubKnx jiit M. /IparoMaHOBa //YKpaiHa. K., 1929. Kh.33. C.64. ] 

23 Bpc&oManoe M. 77. Rsa yHHTejii... C.595. 



110 



24 iHCTHTyr JiiTepaTypH jm.T. P. LUeB4eHica AH Yicpai'HH. BumiJi pyxonnciB. <£>. 
26, ofl.36.163. 

25 Upc&oMawa M. 77. fl&a ywrejii... C.589. 

26 UpazoManoe M. 77. TeMHOTa // Tpoinaaa. YicpaiHCbKHH 36ipHHK. 5KeHeBa. 
1878. N 2. C.I 34. 

* UpazoMOHoe M. 77. ABcrpo-pychxi cnOMHHH... C.156. 

28 JlpazoMcmoe M. 17. TtMHoTa... C.134. 

29 npomaHHe KweBCKoro yne6Horo oxpyra c H. H. riHporoBWM. K., 1861. 
C.XIV-XVI. 

30 UpazoMdHoe M. 77. AB T o6Horpa<))HHecKHe 3aMCTKH... ApK.8. 

31 BfazoMame M. 77. ABCTpo-pycbKi cnOMHHH... C.158. 

32 HpasoMOHoe M. 77. ABTo6Horpa^HHecKHe saMCTKH... Apx.9. 

33 TaM caMo. ApK.ll. 

34 BpazoManoe M. 77. ABcrpo-pycbKi miomhhh... C.160. 

35 UpazoMcmoe M. 77. ABTo6Horpa4>HMecicne aaMCTKM... ApK.12. 

36 EpazoMonoe M. JIhcth flo I B aHa <t»paHKa i hhiiihx. 1887-1895 / BtwaB iBaH 
OpaHKO. JlbBis, 1908. C.45. 

57 UpazoMaHoe M. 77. ABTo6HorpacpH4ecKHe 3aMencH... ApK.15. 

58 Bo3hhk M. 3 jiHCTVBaHHji M. TJparoMaHOBa 3 B. HaBpoutKUM // JIHB. JlbBis, 
1923. Kh.3. C.258. 

M UIoMpaS C. YpHBOK cnoMHHiB Oji. PycoBa npo M. II. ,/JparoMaHOBa // 
YKpalHa. K», 1926. Kh.2-3. C.99. 

* UpazoManoe M. 77. HMneparop TiiSepHH // YHKBepcHTeTCKne TOBecTHfl. K., 
1 864. N 1 . C.33. 

*' J7iHO(popc C. fletuo 3i cnorafliB 3a M. II. flparoMaHOBa // 3anncKH icTopHKo- 
(pijiojioriHHoro Bumijiy YKpaiHCbKo'i aicafleMii HayK. K., 1926. Kh.7-8. C.399. 

42 UpazoManoe M. 77, ABTo6Horpa<pHHecKHe saMencH... ApK.13. 

43 HopouiKeeuH O. JIhcth M. IL flparoMaHOBa flo O. M. nnnma // 3a cro JiiT. 
K., 1928. Kh.3. C.71. 

44 n,o6poeoiibcbKuu 77. fffi nepBicHoi ifleojiorii M. II. flparoManoBa [JiaM - jihct «o 
M. M. UlyjibJKeHKa] // 3anhcK« icropiiKo-^iJiOJioriiHoro Biauuiy YAH. C.394-396, 

* s KicniMKiecbKUi M. Muxafijio JJparoMaHoB y cfrnopeHUti // 3a cro j^t. K., 1928. 
Kh.2. C.178. 

16 JIhct flo M. M. LUyjJbaceHKa... C.397. 

47 TaM caMo. 

48 EpazoMcmoe M. 77. A8To6norpa<pHiecKne 3aMeTKH... ApK.20. 

49 nepenHCKa MuxafiJia flparoMaHosa 3 MeaiTOHOM Bvmhhcuckm. 1871- 1877 / 
3naflHB M. IlaBJiHK. JlbBiB, 1910. C.77. 

" JIhct ao M. M. IUy-tbaceHKa... C.398. 

51 neperaicxa Muxafljia flparoMaHOBa 3 MeniTOHOM EyHHHCbKHM... C.40. 
a KicnuiKiecbKui) M. MLHxafijio TJparoMaHOB y OnopeHuii'... C.183. 
u B03HHK M. 3 jmcryBaHHJi M. flparomaHOBa 3 B. HaBpoubKHM... C.257. 

54 Tain caMo. 

55 UpazoManoe M. 77. ABTo6Horpa<pii4ecKHe 3aMencH... ApK.25-26. 



"Ill 



i6 npazoManoe M. II. ABCrpo-pycbKi ciiomhhh... C.191 i najii. 

" Jlindtpopc C. flemo 3i cnoraaiB 3a M. n. flparoMaHOBa... C. 399-400. 

58 3 icropii KiiiBCbKoi yKpa'iHCbKoi rpoMaflH. HpoMOBa FlaBJia MOiTeubKoro Ha 
LUcBHeHKOBHK poKOBHHax (3 fioro nocMepTHiix nanepiB) // 3anncKH HTLLL JlbBiB, 
1913. T.116. Kh.IV. C.184. 

59 UpaiOManae M. II. ABcrpo-pycbKi chomhhh... C.214; ABToSHorpafjmiecKHe 
aaMcncH... ApK.31. 

60 TpOMafla. YKpaiHCbKHM 36ipHHK / BnopflflxoBamifi MHxaftjioM 
UparoMaHOBHM. 5KeHeBa, 1878. N 2. C.8. 

61 UpaaoMUHoe M. II. ABCTpo-pycbKi ciiomhhh... C.21 7-219. 
63 TaM caMo. C.255. 

43 TaM caMo. C.260. 

M TaM cumu. C.245. 

a U,vn. aa: MifacoecbKuii B. ^bijimichhh flparoManoBa3 KHiBCbKoro ywiBepcHTeTy 
// yspaiHa. K., 1926. Kh.2-3. C.95-96. 

60 CyOmejibttuti O. YKpaiHa. Icropis. K., 1991. C.251-252. 

67 nepennoca Muxafcia flparoMaHoBa 3 Mcjhtohom EyMHHCbKHM... C.329. 

48 MiHKoecbKUii B. 3Bi^bHeHHa flparoMaHOBa 3 KHiBcwcoro yHisepcHTery... C.96. 

" ApxiB Mnxafijia flparoMaaoBa. T.l. JlHCTyBaHHa KhIbcmcoI Orapoi' FpOMaaH 
3 M. flparoManoBHM (1870-1695) // Ilpaui YKpaiHCbKoro HayKOBOro iHCTHTyry. 
Bapuiasa, 1937. T.37. C.166. 

70 UpazoMcmoe M. 11. ABTo6norpa<}>HHecKHe saMCTKH... ApK.35. 

71 rpyiueecbKuu M. C. Micm flparoMaHOBa // YKpaiHa. K., 1926. Kh.2-3. C.3. 
" UpazoMOHoe M. Flo Bonpocy o MajiopyccKQH jiHTepaxype. Bena, 1876. C.5. 
73 rpyuieecbKuu M. C. 3 rroHHHJB yxpaiHctKoro coujaJUCTHHHoro pyxy. Mhx. 

flparoMaHOB i aasHescbKHfi couiamcTUHHiifi ryproic. Biflem., 1922. C.59. 

" A 3acnaecbKuu ff. ,■ PoMameHKO I. MHxaftno j^paroMaHOB. K-, 1964. C.97. 

75 UpazoManoe M. JliTepaTypa yKpai'HCbKa npocKpH6oBaHa pa/ioM poccHficboiM 
/ riep. 3 <j>p. JlbBiB, 1878. C.14. 

76 U£UA YKpaiHH y JIbBOBi. <t>.663, on.l, cnp.154, apK.496. 

77 TaM caMO. On. 2, cnp.45, apK.1-2. 

78 UpazoManoo M. 17. ABTo6noipa(J>HiecKHe 3aMeTKH... ApK.35. 
75 rpyuieecbKuu M. C. 3 no'inniu yKpaiHCbKoro couiajiicTHHHoro pyxy... C.64. 

80 UopowReeuH O. JIhcth M. n. JiparoMaHOBa no O. M. rinniHa... C.86. 

81 4>panKo I. JI. ^oktop OcTan TepJieubKHH // 3anncKH HT1H. JlbBiB, 1902. 
T.50. Kh.6. C.45. 

81 HepHiseubKHH o&iacHiifl flepscaBHirii apsis. 0. 3.on. 1 , cnp.4568, apK. 1-34; JlbBiscbKHfi 
o6jiacHHH aepxaBHHfi apxiB. <t>.350.on . 1 . cnp. 2356, apx, 1 -52; O.350, on. 1 , cnp.2352, apK.4; 
<t>.350, on.l. cnp.2426. apK.6; 4>.350, on.l cnp.2396, apK.35-126; O.350, on.l, cnp.2702, 
apK.23; IJUflA YicpaiHH y JIbBOBi. 0.146 , on.7, cnp.4397, apK.6-12: 0>.I46 T on.7, cnp.4395, 
apK.4-7: 0.I46, on.7. cnp.4733. apK.61-76; <J>.146, on.4. t.2. cnp.3687, apK.l- 128. 

83 UpazoManoe M. II. ABTo6Horpa(j>HHecKHe 3aMencH... Aicp. 36-37. 

w IlpazoMdHoe M. II. TypKH BHyipeHHHe H BHeuiHue. IlHCbMO k H3,aaTeJi 
"HoBoro BpeMeHH". >KeHeBa, 1876. C.8. 

U2 — 






z> UpazoAianoe M. II. J\o Hero flOBoeBajincb? 3Ke«eBa. 1878. C.I 2. 

86 UpazoManoe M. II. TypKH BHyrpeHHife h BHeuiHHe... C.19. 

87 ApxiB Muxafijia ^paroMaHOBa... C.80. 

B UpazoManos M. II. JIhcth ao Ib. <t>paHKa i hhiuhx. 1882-1886. BnflaB iBaH 
tppaHKO. JlbBiB, 1906. C.l 33. 

89 UpazOMQHoe M.T1. ABToGnorpaiJJHiecKne saMeTKH... C. 37-39. 

* BoJibHoe Cjiobo. XCeHeBa, 1881. N 1. C.l. 

" "BojibHbiH Cokw" - "BinbHa CnijKa": OnbiT yicpaHHCKOH noJiMTH- ko-col(h- 
ajibHofi nporpaMMbi / Cbo« h oSiacneHHa M. /JparoiuaHOBa. JKeneBa, 1884. 

K UpazoMame M. JIhcth ro lB.<t»paHKa i hhiuhx. 1887-1895... C.9. 

83 KucmstKoeCKvii E. J^paroiwaHOB, ero ncwiHTimecKHe BsniitAbi, JiHTepaTypHaa 
ijeaTejibHOCTb h jkiohl // .EIparoMaHOB m. n. nojiHTjiiecKiie coikhchha. napnac. 
1905. T.l.C.9-77, 

H UpazoMawe M. II. JIhcth ao Ib. Oparoca i hhiuhx. 1882-1886... C.155. 

* TpoMafla... C.27. 

46 UpazoMaHos M. II. JIhcth flo Ib. «3>paHKa i hhiuhx. 1882-1886... C158. 
"TaMcaMO. C.157. 
*TaMcaMO. C.218. 

99 MaTepianH ana KyjibTypHoi h rpoMaflCbKoi' icTOpii 3axlnHOi Yk- pai'Hu. T.I. 
JlHCTVBaHHa I. 4>paHKa i M. flparoMaHOBa. K., 1928. C.194. 

100 YKpaiHCbKa cycnuibHO-noniTHiHa flYMKa b 20crroJiiTTi: /4oKyMeH-Tii i MaTepiajin: 
B 3 t. / Ynop. Tapac TyHHaK Ta PoMan CoabiaHHK. K., 1983. T.l . C.9. 

101 lLIofleHHHK M./IparoMaHOBa. Biflflui pVKonnciB JIHB im. B. CTe^aiiHKa AH 
VKpai'HH. O/n 731. C. 6. 

102 JJcTanbHiuie npoBHecoK M. IlparoMaHOBa y po3BHTOK HayKH Ta ocbith b BoJirapii' 
hub.: Amcmacoe B. BmaHyBaHHS Muxaflna J^paroMaHOBa b Eojirapii7/3KoBTeHb. 1972. 
N 3; flozo mc; Mnxafbio JJparoMaHOB i CajniicbKHH yHiBepcHTer // BcecsiT. 1962. N 12; 
Uepza/tb II. 3. ripo 6i6moTeKy M. /4paroMaHOBa b Co4>ii // PajjaHCbice jBTeparypo- 
3HaBcreo. 1989. N 3. 

10J CmertHJiK C. IlpoeKT PyccKofi KOHCTHTyuj-iH . JIoh/joh, 1895; Be6ep M. 
HcTopHiecKiui oqepK ocBoGoflHTejibHoro flBHaceHiw b Pocchh h nojioaceHHe 6ypacya3HOH 
JteMOKparaH. K., 1906. 



P03fl I JI II 
1 leeejib. OtuocotJiHa HCTOpHH // Cohhhchhh. M.; JI., 1935. T.8. C.19. 

• Jlozanoe H. II. Cso6oaa hhhhocth. M.. 1980. C. 44-45. 

■' Hepcecmaj B. C. FlpaBa lenoseKa b hctophh nojTHTHiecKOH h npaBOBOH Mbicmi // 
ripaaa neflOBeica b HCTopiui lejioBeiecraa H b cobpcmchhom MHpe. M., 1989. C.21-22. 

* CadoII. IiaeoJiornnecKafl 6opb6a ii rrpasa HeaoBeKa. M. C.l 7; MuxaunoecKuu 
H. K., OecwK A. M.. Hbmopxo K>. M., EymeHKO A. ff. ripasa nejioBeKa h 
coBpeMeHHbifl MHp. K., 1980. C.67-68. 

5 UEUA YKpai'HH y JIbBOBi. 0.633, on.2. apK.37. 

6 Fpov^ui I. O npase bokhu h MHpa. M., 1956. C.74. 

113 






" MeacayHapoaHbie opraHmaijHH cHcreMbi OOH: CnpasoiHHK. M., 1990. C. 12. 

! KnpHJio-Me(j)OfliiBCbKeTOBapHCTBo: ^OKyMeHTii i MaTepiaiiH: B 3 t. K., 1990. 
T. l.C. 1 50- 172, 264TaiH. 

'YicpaiHCbKa cycnijibHO-nojiiraHHa ayvuca b 20 crojirrri... C. 207-375. 

'"YKpaiHCbKa TojioBHa BiisBOJibHa Pafla. Kh. 1-ma: 1944-1945// JliTonitc YriA. 
T.8. TopoHTO, 1980. C.34-38. 

11 Apxis MfixaftJia flparoMaHOBa... C.246. 

,: HpaBOManoe M. IT. O coctoshhh xeumHHM b nepBOM Bene Phmckoh HMnepiiH 

// YHMBepCHTCTCKHe H3BeCTHH. K., 1864. N 5. C.38. 

IJ HpazoMame M. 77. CTapi xapTii BOJibHocTH. JlbBis, 1895. 
IA <PpaHKO I. SI. CycninbHo-nojiiTOHHi norjiarm M. flparoMOHOBa... C.237. 
ls Rudnyisky I. L. Drahomanov as a political theorist. Mykhaylo Drahomanov. 
A Symposium and Selected Writings. N. Y„ 1952. P.73. 

16 DpasoManoe M. 77. nepeflHe cjiobo ao 'TpoMaan" 1878 p. // BH6paHe. K., 
I991.C.296. 

17 TaM caMO. C.298-299. 

18 UpazoMame M. It Bonpoc 06 HcropHHecKOM sHaneHHn Phmckoh HMnepHH h 
TaiiHT // YHHBepcitTeTCKHe H3BecrHH. K., 1869. N2. C.35. 

" TaM caMO. C.36. 

20 TaM cbmo. C.32. 

21 /(papoMauoe M. 77. JIhcth ao Ib. cDparaca i hhiiihx. 1882-1886... C.191. 
a UpazoMOHoe M. JIhcth ao Ib. <t>paHKa i hkuihx. 1887-1895... C.6. 

23 riepomcKa MixaHJia TJparoMaHoBa 3 McnhoHOM EvkhhciiKhm... C.152-153. 
M UpazoMame M. Fl. ABTo6tiorpa(|>H , JeeKHe aaMerKit... ApK.17. 
15 UpazoMOHoe M. 77. nepeflHe cjiobo ao TpoMaan"... C.293. 

* npaBa'nioflHHH. MixHapoaHi aoroBOpH YKpai'HH: /JeKJiapauii, aoKVMCHTH. 
K„ 1992. C.25, 37,|£aJii — IlpaBa JiioflHHH] 

8 flpaBa MejiOBeKa: C6opHHK MeJKflVHapoaHblx a°KVMeHTOB / Coct. JI. H. 
LUecTOB. M., 1990. C.9.[7J,ajii — npasa nejioBCKa] 

28 EpazoMcmoe M. 77. nepeflHe cjiobo ao 'TpoMaaH"... C.293. 

2 * "BijibHa CnijiKa"-"BojibHbrH C0103": Cnpo6a yicpaiHCbKoi' nojiixuKO- 
couiajibHoi" nporpaMH / 36ip i noscHCHHs M. JUparoManoBa. C. 1 25 aaHoro BiiaaHHS 
[THajii — «BiJibHa Cnijuca»]. 

50 Uj>asoMaHoe M. 77. nepeflHe cjiobo ao 'TpoMaan"... C.305. 

" TaM caMO. C.323. 

" EepHiume&H E. CnoMHHH npo MiixaiiJia TJparoMaHOBa i Cepria 
noflojiHHCbKoro // 3 noHHHJB VKpaiHCbKoro coiiiajiicTHHHoro pyxy. Mux. 
flparoMaHOB i weHeBChKufi couisjiicrnHHUfi rypTOK. BifleHb, 1922. C.156. 

13 UpaioManw M. 77. JIhcth ao iB.cDpamca i hhuihx. 1882-1886... C.174. 

M ApxiB Mnxailria JJparoMaHOB... C.41. 

55 BpazoMame-UluiuMaHoea JIM, 3i cnoMHHiB npo M. /JparoMaHoaa // JJ,3BiK. 
1991. N 10. C. 138. 

* UpazoMame M. 77. OepeflHe cjiobo ao 'TpoMaaH".., C.325. 
17 TaM caMO. C.324. 



114" 



58 TaM caMO. C.325. 

* TaM caMo. 

40 TaM caMO. C.324. 

*' riHCbMO H. H. KocTOMapoBa k maaTCRto "KojiokojkT / C npeflHonoBHeM 
M. flparoMaHOBa, 5KeHeBa, 1885, C.VIII. 

^CoepaHHenonHTH^ecKHxcoiHHeHHrf M . /JparoMaHOBa. ilapHsc, 1905.T.2. C.30. 

43 UpazoMOHoe M. 77. 4y.nau.bKi ayMKH npo yKpai'HCbKv HauioHajitHY cnpasy. 
Bn6paHe. K.. 199I.C.469. 

44 ApxiB Miixaiijia ^JparoMaHOBa... C.246. 

45 JlucxK-PydHuifbicuii I. 13 flparoMaHOBCbKiix cryfltfi // Mi»c icropieio ft 
nojiiTHKOK). CynacHicTb. Miohxch, 1973. C. 112-113. 

46 BianoBi^b M. 7J,paroMaHOBa Ha kibLtchhc npHBiTaHHS 16. XII. 1894 // 
flparoMaHOB M. n. BnSpam TBopH. Ilpara; Huo-flopK, 1937. C.92. 

47 Co6paHHe nojiHTKHecKHX coHimcHMit M. JJparoMaHOBa... T.2. C.287. 

48 UpazoManoe M. 77. BHiiMaHino ooi(HajmcTOB-3MHrpaHTOB H3 Pocchh. )KeHeBa, 
1880. C. 2. 

* npmoMauoe M. 77. "HaponHag bojui" o ueKTpa,riH3anHn peBoJHOUHOHHofi 
6opb6bi b Pocchh. OTaejibHbifl otthck H3 "BojibHoro CjioBa". N 37-38. JKeHCBa, 
1882. C.6-7. 

!0 UpoiOManoe M. 77. JIhcth ho Ib. Oparota i hhujhx. 1882-1886... C.83. 

!l HpazoMaHoe M, 77. nepeaHe anoBo ... C.322. 

H npasa HCJiOBeKa... C.7, 

" /JeraJibHiuic ahb.; CoKVpenxo B. P.. Cam^an A. M. IlpaBO. CBo6ofla. 

PaBeHCTBO. JlbBOB. 1981. 

M Co6paHHe nojiHTHiecjcux cohhhchhh M, /JparoMaHOBa... T.l. C.329. 

B IlpaBa jiioflHHH... C.39. 

46 MioJwepcoH P. A. npasa nejioBeKa: natH, HopMw, peajibHOCTb. M., 1991 . C.60. 

57 "BbibHa Cnunca"... C.125. 

58 YicpaiHCbKa cycmjibHO-nojiiTHMHa ayMica b 20 cTojiiiri... C.376. 
w MtojuiepcoH P. A. I'lpami yejioBcKa... C.64. 

w "BijibHa CniJnca"... C.134. 

61 UpaioMauae M. 77. JI. H. ToJTCToft. UapcTBO Bode BHVTpn Hac, hjih 
xpiicTiaHCTBO He KaK mhcthhcckoc yneHiHe, a KaK Hosoe -am menomiMainic 
Kojiomhh, 1894. C.25. 

a BojibHoe cjiobo. SCcHeBa. 1881. N 17. C.2. 

63 UpazoMOHoe M. IJ. O coctohhhh aceniuiiHbi b nepBOM Beice Phmckoh 
UMnepHH... C.38. 

64 UpazoManoe M. 77. TperiH jihct YKpaLHUH ao peaaKUji "flpyra" // JIhcth ao 
Ib. Opamca i hhujhx. 1887-1895... C.345. 

" riepenncKa Mtixafljia /JparoMaHOBa 3 IMnxafijioM riaBJiHKOM. T.6. HepHiBiii, 
1910. C.15I-152. 

"' riepanjcxa Mitxailia JjparoManoBa 3 Haraniao Ko6pnHcu<oio. JIbBiB. 1905. C. 14-1 5. 
'" QpazoManoe M. JIhcth 3.0 iB.Opamca i hhuiiix. 1887-1895... C.344. 
4B IJpazoMaHoe M. 77. BH6pam TBopn... C.148. 

"~ 11? 



* "BijibHaCnijnca",.. C.I 25-1 26. 

70 KpemmnuKoe A. )Kii3Hb 3a pemeTKoft. M-, 1992. C.6. 

71 MiOJLiepcoH P. A. IlpaBa nejioBCKa... C.70-71. 

72 "BLnbHa Cnbixa"... C.I25-I26. 
~ 3 TpoMajia... C.ll. 

'* "BiJifeHa CnuiKa"... C.126. 

:s CoSpaHne nojiHTunecKHx comhhchhh M. flparoMaHOBa. T.2. C.872, 
76 llpaioMOHoe M. U. CojioBbfl 6acwiMH He KopMHT // Co6paHHe ncwiHTHMecKHX 
cohhhchhh... T.2. C. 258-259. 
" "BuibHa Cnuixa"... C.127. 

78 TaM cbmo. C.126. 

79 Co6pamie nojumiHecKHX cohhhchhh M. /JparoviaHQBa. T.2. C.868. 

80 "BuibHa Cnijiica'"... C.126. 

81 UpazoMcmoe M, n. IlepcuHe cjiobo no 'TpoMaflu"... C.296. 

82 TLpazoMcmoe M. [J. BHyrpeHHee pa6crBO h boh Ha 3a ocBo6o)iuieHne. DKeneBa: 
Bane; JleoH, 1877. C.29. 

83 UpazoMOHoe M. U. K o6iuecTBeHHOMy mhchhjo bccx UHBHJiH30BaHHbix 
HapoflOB. // Co6p. nojiHT. connHeHHH. K., 1906. T.2. C.254. 

M Uj>a?OManoe M. 77. TiipaHoy6nficTBO b Pocchh h noBcueHHe 3anaflHoB EBponw 

// Co6p. nOJIHT, COHHHCHIlFi... C.36I. 

85 UpazoManoe M. 77. Bonpoc 06 HcropHiecKOM 3HaicHHH PhmckoiI HMncpHH h 
TauHT... C.23. 

u CoKypewco B. T. TJeMOKpaTHHecKMe yieHiui o rocraapcrBC... C.95. 

17 iHCTHTyT jiiTepaTj-pii im. T. UJeBHeHKa AH YicpalHH. Byyiiji pyuonHciB. <t>.26, 
ofl.36.162. 

w UopomeHKO B, Muxafuio TJparoMaHOB i floro ayMWi npo pemriimi Ta uepKOBHi 
cnpaBU // Bipa i Hawa. Kojiomhs, 1 926. N 6; floeo xc: MMxaftno/JparoMaHiB npo uepKonno- 
pemrifiHi cnpaBii // CyHacHicTb. MjoHxeH. 1962. N 8: JlyKepewco B. JI. CBiTonwa M. n. 
UparoMaHOBa. K„ 1 965: HoeodeopcbKuu I. J\pai o wai lilt i iraui KJiepuxajm . BnacHeH!« KJiepH- 
KanbHiK HanacTeS npom .TJparoMaHOBa // TpoMancbKHH rojioc. JIbBiB, 1936. N 7 Ta iH. 

85 IJpaeoManoe M. JIhctm flo Is. OpaHKa i hhuihx. 1887-1895... C.420. 

* UpazoManoe M. 77. Jl. H. Tojictoh... C.19. 

" Kocat-KpueumoK O. Jlecfl YKpai'HKa. XpoHOJiori» jkhtta i raopqocTi. YBAH. 
Hbio-flopK. 1970. C.323. 

,; nepermcKa MnxaHJia/4paroMaHOBa 3 M. naBmncoM. HepHiBqi, 1911. T.7. C.55. 

" U.HT. 3a: riepeniicKa Miixafijia flparoMaHOBa 3 M. riaBJiHKOM. MepHiBui. 1910. 
T.11.C.8Q-81. 

M Bo3hxk M. TJo ieropij Micii /^paroManoBa // YKpaiHa. K.. 1929. Kh.32. C.70, 

M Co6paHHe nojiiiTHiecKHX coimhchiih. napnac, 1906. T.2. C.51-52. 

% n,pazoManoe M. 77. Bipa a rpoMaacbia cnpaBii // Xjii6opo6. Kojio- mhji, 1 892. 
M.16. C.120-121. 

97 UpmoManoe M. 77. JIhcth ao Ib. <t>paHKa i hhiuhx. 1882-1886... C.75. 

^TpoMafla... C.137-138. 

"TaMcaMO. C.129. 



116" 



100 IlepenHCKa Miixaiina flparoManoBa 3 MeniTOHOM EvHHHcbKHM... C.54. 

101 rpoMaaa.„C10. 

102 JIomotibKuu O. n. O. Kyjiim xa M. n. /JparoMaHos y ix JiHcryBaHHi. Ilpara, 
1937. C.ll. 

103 TaM caMo. 

104 nepenwcKa Muxaiijia flparoMaHOBa 3 M. IlaBJiHKOM. MepHiBui. T.7. (1892- 
1893). C.33. 

105 UpazoManoe M. 17. Bipa a rpoMaflCbKi cnpaBH... C. 10-! 1. 

106 "BijibHa Cnooca"... C.126-127. 

107 UpazoMaiwe M. 77. Bipa a rpOMaacbKi cnpaBH,.. C.12. 

108 TaM caMo. 

109 UpoBOMmoe M. 17. BHVTpeHHee pa6creo h boh Ha 3a ocBOOOJKfle- Hue... C.12. 

110 TaM caMo. 

111 HjH&OMaHoe M. 77. CTapue Hyamu nepea hobmm uapeM // Co6p. hojiht. 
coh. napnac. 1906. T.2. C.87I. 

112 JUpaBOMOHoe M. 77. HMnepaTop TH6epHfi... C.35. 

113 IlepenHCKa Muxafuia .ZJparoMaHOBa 3 MeanioHOM EyiHHcbKHM... C.260. 

114 UpazoMcmoe M. JIhcthao Ib. <t>paHKa i hhuihx. 1887-1895... C.10-11. 

115 "BiJibHa Cnijnca"... C.126. 

116 Flpasa jnoflHHH... C.21. 

117 TaM caMo. C.46. 

118 "BiJibHa Cnijnca"... C.126. 

119 IlepenHCKa Mnxaiiiia /JparoMaHOBa 3 MeniTOHOM Evhuhcmchm... C.30. 

120 IlepenHCKa M. ZlparoManoBa 3 fl-poM T. OKVHescbKHM... C.21 7. 

121 "BiJibHa CnijiKa"... C. 127. 

122 Upazouanoe M. 77. K Bonpocy 06 "ocKyfleHHif jiHTepaTypbi // Co6p. hojiht. 
com. TlapH)K, 1906. T.2. C.I-2. 

111 "BiJibHa CnLrnca"... C.127. 

124 3 nHTaHHJi 4>eaepajii3My y non»max Miixafina TlparoMaHOBaaHB.: Covypawo B. 7T 
fleMOKpaTHHecKHe VHenHH...: flue. ... A-pa ropna. HayK. JI., 1967. 

125 UpaBOMOHoe M. 17. BnopaHi TBOpH... C.148. 

I2 * HpazoMOno6 M. 77. BHyrpeHHee pa6crBo h soiiKa 3a ocBo5o>KaeHHe... C.29. 

1:7 IlHCbMO B. T .BeJiHHCKoro k H. B. rorojiio / C npeflHcnoBHeM 
M.flparoMaHOBa. IbflaHHepeaaKUHH yKpaHHCKoro cSopHHKa 'TpoMaaa". )KeHesa, 
1880. C.VI. 

128 UpazoMtmoe M. 17. Ho iero /joBoesajiHcb?.. C.22. 

129 IlepenHCKa Muxafijia flparoMaHOBa i M.IlaBJiHKOM. MepHiBui, 1911. T.7. C.3. 

130 HpaeoMOHoe M. 17. IlepenHCKa. T.I... C. 22-23. 
UpazoMOHoe M. 17. ABcrpo-pycbKi cnoMHHH... C.284. 

132 IJopoutKeewi O. JIhcth M. n. flparoManoBa jyo O. M. IlHniHa... C.70. 

133 TpoMaaa... C.142. 

134 Rudnytsky L. Ivan. Drahomanov as a political theorist... P.90. 

135 "BiJibHa CnuDca"... C. 13 2. 

136 TaM caMo. 

117 



117 TaM cbmo. 
138 TpoMaaa... C.121. 
l3 »TaMcaMO. C.122. 

'*' UpazoManoe M. ft. TeMHOTa... C.120. 

141 UpaiOManoe M. 77. OnoBini i 3aMiTKH // TpoMaaa. yKpaiHCbKnB 36ipHHK. 
aCeHeea. 1879. N 4. C.313. 
yK Tam caMO. C.123. 

m UpazoMame M. 77. TeMHOTa... C.!36. 
144 "BbibHa CnijiKa'-... C.16. 

,4! fl,pasoM<nto« M. 77. BHyTpcHHee pa6cTBO h bohhb ja ocBoCostme- HHe... C.29. 
'*■ UpaWMUHon M. 77. Bn6paHi TBopii... C.I 48. 
10 UpmoMdHOe M. 77. ABCTpo-pycwu cnoMHHH... C.219. 
'* nepemicKa MHxaibia /JparoMaHOBa 3 MenrroHOM SvHHiicbKHM... C.I 3. 
'®TaMcaMO. C.ll. 
IS0 JIucxx-PyOHimbKuu I. Mix icropieio ft nojiiTHKOio... C.I09. 



" 



P03/4 IJ1 III 
! Akt nporojiouieHHH HeaajiexHocTi yjqpaiHii // Tojioc VKpaiHu. 1991. 27 ccpn. 

1 OxpUMOeUI C, P03BKTOK VKpaiHCbKOI HauiOHaHbHO-nOJliTHMHOl flVMKH (Blfl 

noHaTKy XIX ctojiitth ao Muxafuia /JparoMaHOBa). Jl.; K.. 1922. C.8. 

' BiwaxHHfi chh VKpa'iHH // PafljiHcbKa YKpaiHa. 1991. 12 Bepec. 

' "BiabHa Cnunca"... C.8. 

5 UpasoManoe M. 77. K Bonpocy o HauHOHajibHOCTHX b Pocchh // Co6p. nojiHT. 
coh. napwK, 1906. T.2. C.866. 

* DpasoMame M. 77. Myaaiibro ayMKH npo yKpaiHcbKV HauioHamHy cnpaBV... C.540. 

; OpaxMcmoe M. 77. IUgbhchko, yKpaiHo4>inn i couiajriaM // BuGpaHe. K., 1 99 1 . C.341 . 

1 UpaeoMdHoe M. 77. TeppoproM h cBo6oaa. MypaBbH h KOpoBa. Oreer hs 
otbct Toaoea". 5KeHeBa. 1880. C.9. 

• rpyweecbKuti M. C, Micw JJparoMaHOBa // YKpaiHa. 1926. Kh.2-3. C.4. 

10 FIcpenHCKa MHxa&ia /JparoMaHoBa 3 Mcjiitohom EyniHCbKitM... C.262. 

" PpazoManoe M. 77. JIhcth ao Ib. Oparaca i hhuihx. 1882-1886... C.157. 

12 CaenenKo <P. 3a6opoHa VKpaiHCTBa 1876 p. /Jo icTopii rpOMaacb- khx pyxiB Ha 
YKpaiHi 1860-1870-x poKiB. XapraB; Khib. 1930. C. 225-226. 

15 ApxiB Muxafina /JparoMaHosa... C.41. 

14 TaM ca mo. C.169. 

ls TaMcaMO. C.170. 

" "BiJibHa CniJiKa"-. C.133. 

r TaMcaMO. C.I27. 

K UpazoManoe M. 77. Jl. H. Tojictoh... C.26. 

" UpazoMOHoe M. II. BocTO"jHas noaHTHKa TepMaHiiH // riojiHTHMecKHe 
coiHHeHiis, M, 1908. C.36. 

M TaMcaMO. C.12. 

:i KoeajieecbKui M. lipn axepejiax 6opoTb6n. CnoMHHH, BpaxceHtui. petjuieKcil. 



118 



iHcSpyK. 1960, C.23-24. 

22 ToMamiecbKiiu C. IcrcpuK. riojiiTHK. nySjiiqiicT. JIbBiB, 6yp. C.64-65. 

23 UpazoManoc M. n. IlepeaHe cjiobo flo 'TpoMaflu"... C.289. 

24 TaM caMO. C.293. 

25 Cmpyee 17. naMsmi Muxafuia UeTpoBitHa flparoinaHOBa // OcBo6co«,!EHne. 
IlapiHK. 21 iiioHa 1905. N 72. C.364. 

26 nepenncica MitxaTuia flparoMaHOBa 3 MenrroHOM EvHiiHCbKHM... C.261. 

27 UucfiK-PydHUj^bKUu I. Mi*; icropieio u nojiiraKOio... C.l 14-1 15. 

28 3acjiaecKuH M- M- Fl. ZtparoMaHOB (K HcropnH yKpaiiiicKoro naqHOHajimMa). 
M.. 1934. C.229. 

29 UpazoMatioe M. JIhcth w Ib. G>paHKa i hhiiihx. 1887-1895... C.296. 

30 <PpaHKO I. CycnijibHO-nojiiTHHHi nonuuni M. flparoMaHOBa Ta Mhx. FlaBJiHKa. 
Mnxafijio flparoMaHOB i ero pons b posBoio YKpaTHH. JIbBiB, 1907; flozo ok: 
MuxaHno flparoinaHOB sk nojiiTHK. JIbBiB, 1911. 

31 nopoutewco B. riiBTopacTa Jitr vKpaiHObKOi noamiiHoi ayMiai. BLaeHb, 1914. C.6. 
33 tfepxejoe B. ^paroManoB m Taflana b 6opb6e c pvcckhmh coqua- nncTaMH. 

3«eHeBa, 1882. C.8. 

33 OopMbi HauHoHajibHoro flBiiaceHHfl b coBpeMeHHbix rocyiiapcTBax. ABcrpo- 
BempHs. Pocoro. TepMaHHa / Yloa pea. A. H. KacrejDiHCKoro. CEI6., 1910. C.313-314. 

34 KoeaneecbKuS M. Ilpn jpKepejiax 6opoTbOH... C. 248-249. 

M UpazOManoe M. 17. JIhcth ro Ib. <I>paHKa l hhiiihx. 1882-1886... C.l 73. 

36 ApxiB flparoMaHOBa... C.l 71. 

37 UpazoMOHoe M. II. JIhcth go Ib. Oparaca i hhiiihx. 1882-1886... C.161 . 

38 ApxiB Mnxaiina /(paroMaHOBa... C246. 

39 UpazoMcmoe M. 11. JIhcth no Ib. <l>paHKa i hhiiihx. 1882-1886... C.147. 

40 Uht. 3a McypHanoM "YicpaHHCKaH «H3Hb". M., 1912. N 10. C.13. 

41 riiicbMO.H. H. KoCTOMapoBa k roflaTejno "KoJiOKOJia"... C.VI. 

42 Cmpyee 77. IlaMHTH Miixafijia nerpoBima /JparoMaHOBa... C.364. 

43 UpazoManoe M. 17. Hniero He 3Haqamnc H3MeHenH« // Co6p. nojniT. com. 
naprae, 1906. T.2. C.446. 

44 "BijibHa CniJiKa".,. C.l 33. 

45 UpaeoMOHoe M. /7. Jl. H. Tojictoh... C.22. 

46 JleeUHCbKuu B. Hapnc pcraBHTxy yKpaincbKoro po6iTHnnoro pyxy b rajiimnHi, 
K., 1914. C.25. 

47 UpazoMOHoe M. 17. Bn6paHi TBopn... C.XII. 

46 3acjtaecbKuii fl. M. n. /4paroMaHOB. K.. 1924. C.5. 



119 






3MICT 



BCTyn 5 

P03/UJ1 1. 
IIPAB03AXHCHHK 

1 . CnaflicoeMeub BOJibHOCTefi KCwaubKHx 7 

2. P03pHBaiOHH KaH^aHH 13 

3.,HajieKOBUi,6aTbKiBmHHH 28 

P03^IJ1 II. 
MHCJIHTEJIb 

1 . IloiiiyK uuwxiB «o CBo6oflH 41 

2. CBo6oaa Hapo^y - CBo6oaa jijoflHHH 49 

3. JIioflHHa Mae npaBO 59 

4. TpOMaAflHCbKi npaBa i cbo6oah 67 

5. JlioflHHa i aepacaBa 70 

6. nojiiTHHHe i couianbHe - flBa acneKTH 

camei npo6neMH 81 

P03AUT HI. 

rPJmyilJHM nOKOJIIHH^M 88 

flOAATOK. 

"BijibHa CninKa"-"Boj:bHbiH Cok>3": Cnpo6a yicpaiH- 
cbKOi nojiiTHKO-couiajibHOi' nporpaMH / 36ip i noacHeHHfl 
M. /tparoiviaHOBa 121 



189